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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The safety of ranitidine in over a decade of use (1997)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Ranitidine hydrochloride (Zantac) is one of the most extensively studied and widely used drugs of all time. This has provided an excellent opportunity to define its safety profile. Methods: Data from 189 controlled clinical trials in which more than 26000 patients received daily doses of ranitidine for 4 weeks or more were reviewed. More than 80% of patients were treated with up to 300 mg ranitidine daily; the remaining patients received doses of up to 1200 mg daily. Eighty-seven trials were placebo controlled. Analyses of post-marketing surveillance and a database of all spontaneously reported adverse events were also evaluated. Results: Overall in the clinical trial programme adverse events were reported by 20% of those receiving ranitidine compared with 27% of those receiving placebo. The pattern of events was similar in all treatment groups with no evidence of dose-related toxicity in regimens encompassing an eightfold range of therapeutic doses. Similarly in a programme of studies designed to evaluate a dose of ranitidine of 75  mg for non-prescription (over-the-counter) use in the treatment of heartburn, ranitidine was not associated with an adverse event profile distinct from that of placebo. Analysis of spontaneously reported adverse event data allowed identification of rare idiosyncratic events. Conclusions: Review of data from a large population of controlled clinical trials with analyses of postmarketing surveillance studies and spontaneously reported adverse events confirmed the excellent safety profile of ranitidine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.136312000.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARBOHYDRATE-MODULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN PLANTS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 47 (1996), S. 509-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-2519
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant gene responses to changing carbohydrate status can vary markedly. Some genes are induced, some are repressed, and others are minimally affected. As in microorganisms, sugar-sensitive plant genes are part of an ancient system of cellular adjustment to critical nutrient availability. However, in multicellular plants, sugar-regulated expression also provides a mechanism for control of resource distribution among tissues and organs. Carbohydrate depletion upregulates genes for photosynthesis, remobilization, and export, while decreasing mRNAs for storage and utilization. Abundant sugar levels exert opposite effects through a combination of gene repression and induction. Long-term changes in metabolic activity, resource partitioning, and plant form result. Sensitivity of carbohydrate-responsive gene expression to environmental and developmental signals further enhances its potential to aid acclimation. The review addresses the above from molecular to whole-plant levels and considers emerging models for sensing and transducing carbohydrate signals to responsive genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.509
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoisomerizations in the α-Tropolone Series: The Mechanistic Path of the α-Tropolone Methyl Ether to Methyl 4-Oxo-2-cyclopentenylacetate Conversion1 (1963)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 85 (1963), S. 2616-2621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00900a021
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grammaspektrometrische und flammenphotometrische Untersuchungen über Kaliumgehalt und Kaliumverteilung im Menschen (1964)
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 2 (1964), S. 87-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei gesunden Normalpersonen wurde gammaspektrometrisch über die Gamma-Emission des im natürlichen Kalium enthaltenen Isotops K40 der Gesamtkörper kaliumgehalt gemessen. Der Mittelwert von GKK betrug bei Männern 1,68 gK/kg, bei Frauen 1,51 gK/kg mit einer Schwankungsbreite ≤± 15% (n=92). Die flammenphotometrisch gemessene Kaliumkonzentration im Plasma von Normalpersonen war 4,03 mäq/l±0,26, die gleichzeitig gemessene Kaliumkonzentration im Erythrozytensediment 90,9 mäq/l Sediment±2,6 (n=57). Bei gesunden Versuchspersonen wurden die drei genannten Kaliumparameter gleichzeitig gemessen und die Veränderung dieser Größen bei der durch ein Saluretikum verursachten experimentellen Kaliumverarmung verfolgt. Während einer Versuchsperiode von 7 Tagen nahm der Gesamtkörperkaliumgehalt bei Einnahme vonChlorthalidon (2×100 mg/Tag) im Mittel um 7,7%, die Kaliumkonzentration in Plasma bzw. Erythrozyten um 27,5% bzw. 3,1% ab. Erythrozyten stellen unter den hier gewählten Versuchsbedingungen ein Zellsystem dar, das qualitativ Änderungen der Kaliumkonzentration des intrazellulären Raumes anzeigt. Das Ausmaß des Kaliumverlustes ist jedoch bei anderen Zellsystemen größer, wie sich aufgrund der Bestimmung des Gesamtkörperkaliumgehaltes nachweisen läßt. Die Bedeutung der Bestimmung verschiedener Kaliumparameter beim Menschen für die klinische Beurteilung pathologischer Zustände wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225501
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust Kalman filter for rank deficient observation models (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 72 (1998), S. 436-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Keywords: Key words. Kalman filter ; Robust estimation ; Rank deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract. A robust Kalman filter is derived for rank deficient observation models. The datum for the Kalman filter is introduced at the zero epoch by the choice of a generalized inverse. The robust filter is obtained by Bayesian statistics and by applying a robust M-estimate. Outliers are not only looked for in the observations but also in the updated parameters. The ability of the robust Kalman filter to detect outliers is demonstrated by an example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900050183
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CP-123,369: A potent, orally active immunosuppressive agent (1995)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 44 (1995), S. S183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01778322
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion channel modulation as a drug discovery target in inflammatory diseases (1996)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 45 (1996), S. 435-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02252312
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ranitidine in renal impairment (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Ranitidine ; Renal impairment; dose adjustment ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ranitidine were examined in subjects with varying degrees of renal function to determine the effect of this condition on acid-antisecretory activity. Methods: Subjects with creatinine clearances (CCr) ranging from 0 to 213 ml · min−1 received single 50-mg and 25-mg i.v. doses of ranitidine. This was followed by determination of serum and urine ranitidine concentrations, and continuous gastric pH monitoring for 24 h. Results: Serum ranitidine concentrations were described by a two-compartment model linked to a sigmoidal Emax model describing gastric pH. Ranitidine renal clearance, ranging from 0 to 1003 ml · min−1, correlated with CPAH (r 2 = 0.707), while non-renal clearance was unaltered. Steady-state volume of distribution decreased by half in severe renal impairment. No changes in the effective concentration at half-maximal response (EC50), maximal response (Emax), or basal response (E0) were observed. Thus, renal elimination of ranitidine declined in parallel with renal function, while sensitivity to the pharmacologic effect (gastric pH elevation) was unaltered. Ranitidine was well tolerated in these renally impaired subjects. Conclusion: These data indicate that the current recommendation for renal impairment dose reduction (by two-thirds when CCr〈50 ml · min−1) might result in under-treating moderately impaired patients, and suggests a less conservative dose reduction (by half when CCr〈10 ml · min−1) to avoid therapeutic failure while remaining within the wide margin of safety for this drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050279
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration eines Gehirnmodells aus Plexiglas (1960)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 272 (1960), S. 84-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00681024
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bedeutung nichtinvasiver Perfusions- und Funktionsuntersuchungen für Diagnose und Prognose der KHK (1998)
    Springer
    Der Internist 39 (1998), S. 684-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Koronare Herzkrankheit ; Diagnostik ; Koronare Herzkrankheit ; Prognose ; Perfusionsszintigraphie ; Stress-Echokardiographie ; Belastungs-EKG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema In letzter Zeit spielen nichtinvasive Untersuchungen in der Diagnostik der koronaren Herzkrankheit wieder eine größere Rolle. Dies dürfte sicher nicht nur eine Folge weltweiter ökonomischer Zwänge im Gesundheitswesen sein sondern auch einem präzisierten medizinischen Denken entsprechen, das sich mehr um eine rationelle Stufendiagnostik bemüht. Allerdings ermöglichen auch verbesserte Methoden, besonders durch Perfusionsszinitigraphie und Stress-Echokardiographie, zunehmend höhere Sensivitäten und Spezifitäten nichtinvasiver Verfahren. Aus neuerer Zeit liegen auch zahlreiche Untersuchungen nicht nur zur diagnostischen sondern auch zur prognostischen Wertigkeit nichtinvasiver Methoden und somit zur Abschätzung koronarbedingter Risiken vor. Es ist geradezu ein generelles Anliegen der Zeitschrift DER INTERNIST, die gezielte Stufendiagnostik zu fördern; viele Hefte der letzten Jahre zeugen dafür. In dieses Konzept fügt sich auch die vorliegende Arbeit über nichtinvasive Methoden der Koronardiagnostik, die sich vorwiegend auf das Belastungs-EKG, die Perfusionsszintigraphie und die Stress-Echokardiographie fokussiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001080050231
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