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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 95 (1973), S. 7923-7923 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 66 (1957), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 66 (1970), S. 190-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Investigations in 10 species showed that respiration of birds in flight is usually co-ordinated with wing beats, but the co-ordination is not obligatory. Respiration synchronous with wing beats (1∶1 co-ordination) was found only in pigeons and crows, the other species exhibited one of 11 other types of co-ordination. Quails, ducks and pheasants, birds with relatively high wing beat frequencies (with relatively small wings) showed a 5∶1 co-ordination. Within species, and even during a flight the type of co-ordination changed, and simultaneously there were sudden changes in the respiration frequency. For the most part, the beginning of inspiration was linked with the (end of) upstroke and the beginning of expiration with the end of downstroke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 66 (1970), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pulmonary ventilation (tidal volume, frequency) and oxygen content of expired air were measured in separate flights for 3 species of birds — Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina), Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis), and Black Duck (Anas rubripes). Heart rate was measured in flight or immediately after landing in 12 species. Respiratory frequency and tidal volume were greater in flight than during rest. As the O2 content of expired air did not change appreciably, the increase in O2 consumption was similar to the increase in ventilation and averaged more than 10 times basal. The influence of body weight on metabolism during flight was similar to that previously observed under basal conditions. Heart rates during flight (10 species), immediately after landing (12 species), and maximal rates from various authors (15 species) were in close agreement, and were 2–4 times as high as during rest. The heart rate decreased with increasing body weight according to the equation HRf=25.1 BW−0.16 (HR per sec, BW in g). In flight there was much less variation and there was a smaller decrease with increasing weight than during rest. Although the estimated stroke volume and heart size appear larger in birds, the ratio of these functions was similar to that in mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 81 (1972), S. 363-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An schwirrenden Kolibris (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mittleres Gewicht 5,7 g) wurden O2-Verbrauch, CO2-Produktion, Atemfrequenz, respiratorische Wasserabgabe und Flügelschlagfrequenz gemessen. Die Versuche wurden bei Temperaturen von 0–35 ° C durchgeführt. Der O2-Verbrauch im Plug bei Temperaturen über 20 ° C beträgt 4,1 ml O2/min= 43 ml O2/g·h, was das 14fache des Basalstoffwechsels ist. Bei Erniedrigung der Umgebungstemperatur nimmt der O2-Verbrauch kontinuierlich um etwa 6% je 10 ° C zu (Abb. 3). Es wird beim Schwirrflug eine weitgehende Substitution der thermoregulatorisch notwendigen Wärmeproduktion durch die bei der Kontraktion der Flugmuskeln entstehende Wärmemenge angenommen. Es wurde die Atemfrequenz mit rund 280/min bestimmt, das Atemzugvolumen mit 0,63 ml (BTS), die Ventilation mit 0,18 l/min (BTS) und die Sauerstoffausnutzung mit 2,2% errechnet. Die respiratorische Wärmeabgabe beträgt bei Temperaturen bis 20 ° C weniger als 20% der Wärmeproduktion, bei 35 ° C wurde das Maximum von 40% gemessen (Abb. 6). Bei trockener Luft macht die respiratorische Wasserabgabe 2,9–4,6% (0–20 ° C) bzw. rund 11% (bei 35 ° C) des Körpergewichtes pro Stunde aus. Bei 0 ° C gleichen sich Wasserproduktion durch Stoffwechselvorgänge und respiratorische Abgabe, bei allen anderen Temperaturen überwiegt die Abgabe: bei 35 ° C beträgt der Netto verlast 350% der Produktion.
    Notes: Summary In hovering hummingbirds (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mean weight 5.7 g) oxygen consumption, CO2 production, breathing frequency, respiratory water loss and wing frequency were measured at various environmental temperatures from 0 to 35 ° C. The oxygen consumption above 20 ° C reached 4.1 ml/min = 43 ml/g·hr, and was 14 times the calculated basal rate. Oxygen consumption increased about 6% for a 10 ° C fall in environmental temperature (Fig. 3). During flight the thermoregulatory heat production at low temperatures was largely substituted by the heat that is produced by contraction of the wing muscles. The respiratory frequency was estimated to be 280/min, the tidal volume 0.63 ml (BTS), the ventilation 0.18 1/min (BTS) and the oxygen utilization as 2.2%. The respiratory heat loss at temperatures of 20 ° C and below was less than 20% of the heat production, while at 35 ° C a maximum loss of 40% was reached (Fig. 6). In dry air at 0–20° C the water loss measured 2.9 to 4.5% of body weight per hour while at 35 ° C the loss was 11%. At 0 ° C the respiratory water loss and metabolic water production were equal, but at all other temperatures the loss exceeded production (at 35 ° C the loss exceeded production by 350%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 61 (1974), S. 407-407 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 246 (1973), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach intradermaler Applikation von Arginin-C-14 an Meerschweinchen bzw. von Ornithin-C-14 an haarlosen Mäusen wurde jeweils ein Radiometabolit in den Hydrolysaten großmolekularer Epidermis-(Protein-)Fraktionen gefunden, der sich bei Säulenchromatographie an Dowex 50 wie Citrullin verhielt. In der kleinmolekularen Fraktion der Epidermis („Wasserlösliches“ WI) lagen als Radiometaboliten offenbar Citrullin und Harnstoff vor.
    Notes: Summary After intracutaneous injection of arginine-C-14 into guinea pigs or of ornithine-C-14 into hairless mice, respectively, a radiometabolite could be found in hydrolyzed, macromolecular epidermis fractions, which by column chromatography on Dowex 50 showed the same behavior as citrulline. In the ultrafiltrable fraction of the epidermis (“the water-soluble substances”), the detected radiometabolites seemed to be citrulline and urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Human adipose tissue ; fat cell size ; obesity ; lipolysis ; reesterincation ; norepinephrine ; theophylline ; DB-C-AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de ce travail est d'examiner si la lipolyse (libération de glycérol et d'acides gras libres) du tissu adipeux humain sous-cutané étudiéin vitro est affectée par l'excès ou le déficit pondéral et par la taille des adipocytes. Chez 86 sujets, une relation très étroite a pu être établie entre l'excès ou le déficit pondéral d'une part, et le logarithme de la teneur en lipides ou le logarithme du diamètre moyen des adipocytes du tissu adipeux sous cutané abdominal d'autre part. Cependant, même en cas d'adiposité extrême le diamètre moyen de l'adipocyte ne dépasse pas 135μ. Dans ces cas, l'obésité dépend à la fois d'une hypertrophie et d'une hyperplasie du tissu adipeux. La libération basale d'acides gras et de glycérol dans le milieu d'incubation n'est pas affectée par la surcharge pondérale, si l'on se réfère à la teneur en lipides du tissu adipeux. Par contre, cette libération d'acides gras et de glycérol est significativement plus grande si l'on se réfère au diamètre moyen des cellules. Dans l'obésité, la libération d'acides gras libres est proportionellement plus faible que celle de glycérol. Une augmentation de la lipolyse a pu être obtenue par l'adjonction au milieu d'incubation de nor-adrénaline, de théophylline et de dibutyryl-AMP cyclique. La relation dose-effet fut comparable que le tissu adipeux provienne de sujets de poids normal ou d' individus obèses. Néanmoins, exprimée en % des valeurs de base, la stimulation de la lipolyse est plus faible chez les patients obèses. Une corrélation négative entre la réponse lipolytique au dibutyryl-AMP cyclique et le diamètre des adipocytes a été observée. La quantité absolue de glycérol ou d'acides gras libérés en présence de noradrénaline, de théophylline ou de dibutyryl-AMP cyclique était en corrélation positive avec le diamètre des adipocytes. Bien que le glucose stimule la libération de glycérol et inhibe la libération d'acides gras libres, ces effets du glucose n'ont pu être mis en relation avec le diamètre cellulaire moyen. — Nos observations nous permettent de conclure que les adipocytes de grande taille possèdent une quantité supplémentaire de lipase et que dans les conditions basales la proportion de lipase active dans ces cellules est vraisemblablement plus élevée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Lipolyse (Freisetzung von Glycerin und freien Fettsäuren) des subcutanen menschlichen Fettgewebesin vitro wurde in Abhängigkeit vom relativen Körpergewicht und der Fettzellgröße untersucht. Bei 86 Personen bestanden hochsigniflkante logarithmische Beziehungen zwischen relativem Körpergewicht, Fettzelldurchmesser und Lipidgehalt des subcutanen Fettgewebes der Bauchregion. Ein mittlerer Fettzelldurchmesser von 135 μ wurde auch bei extremer Adipositas praktisch nie überschritten. Adipositas ist in diesen Fällen auf Hypertrophie und Hyperplasie des Fettgewebes zurückzuführen. — Die basale Freisetzung von Glycerin und freien Fettsäuren bezogen auf den Lipid-gehalt war bei Normund Übergewicht nicht signifikant unterschieden. Die Metabolitfreisetzung der Einzelzelle nahm jedoch mit wachsendem Zelldurchmesser zu. Der LipolysequotientQ (Verhältnis FFS-Freisetzung: Glycerinfreisetzung) war bei Adipositas signifikant kleiner. — Die Lipolyse wurde durch Norepinephrin, Theophyllin und Dibutyryl-cyclo-AMP stimuliert. Die Konzentrations-abhängigkeit der Effekte war bei Normund Übergewicht ähnlich. — Die Stimulierbarkeit der Lipolyse in Prozent des Basalwertes war bei Adipositas vermindert. Es bestand eine negative Korrelation der Stimulierbarkeit durch Dibutyryl-cyclo-AMP zum Zelldurchmesser. Die absolute Metabolitfreisetzung der Fettzelle bei Stimulation mit Noradrenalin, Theophyllin oder Dibutyryl-cyclo-AMP nahm mit steigender Zellgröße signifikant zu. — Zusatz von Glucose führte zur Steigerung der Glycerin-freisetzung und zur Hemmung der FFS-Freisetzung, die Korrelation der Lipolyse zum Zelldurchmesser wurde dadurch nicht wesentlich verändert. — Diese Beobachtungen lassen den Schluß zu, daß große Zellen mit zusätzlicher Gesamtlipase ausgestattet sind und daß unter Basalbedingungen das Verhältnis inaktiver Prolipase zur aktiven Lipase zugunsten des aktiven Enzyms verschoben ist.
    Notes: Summary Lipolysis (release of glycerol and free fatty acids) of subcutaneous human adipose tissuein vitro has been investigated in relation to relative body weight and fat cell size. Studying 86 persons, there was a highly significant logarithmic relation between relative body weight, fat cell size and lipid content of subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from the abdominal region. Even in extreme obesity a mean fat cell diameter of 135 μ was generally not exceeded. In these cases overweight is due to hypertrophy as well as hyperplasia of adipose tissue. — The basal FFA and glycerol release, calculated on the basis of the lipid content, did not significantly differ in normal and overweight persons. The lipolysis of the individual cell increased, however, with increasing cell diameter. The quotient of resterification (FFA release: glycerol release) was significantly lower in obesity. — When lipolysis was stimulated with norepinephrine, theophylline or dibutyryl-cyclic AMP, the dose response relations were similar in obesity and normal weight. — The stimulation of lipolysis, expressed as % of baseline, was diminished in obesity. Stimulation with dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP was negatively correlated to the cell diameter. — The absolute release of metabolites per fat cell after stimulation with norepinephrine, theophylline or dibutyryl-cyclic AMP was positively correlated with the fat cell diameter. — Addition of glucose resulted in an increment in glycerol release and an inhibition of FFA release. However, the correlation of lipolysis with fat cell diameter was not affected. — The observations suggest that large fat cells are provided with additional total lipase. Under basal conditions the relation of inactive pro lipase to active lipase seemed to change in favour of the active enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renal Metabolism ; Renal Preservation ; Anaerobic Ischemia ; Aerobic Ischemia ; Renal O2-Persufflation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes in the status of the adenylic acid-creatine phosphate system and in glycogen, glucose, and lactate were investigated in canine kidneys during preservation in anaerobic and aerobic ischemia at normo- and hypothermia. For anaerobic ischemia, the kidneys were stored without additional measures; for aerobic ischemia, the ischemic kidneys were persufflated with gaseous O2 or gas mixtures containing O2 via the renal artery or vein (orthograde and retrograde aerobic ischemia respectively). Prior to preservation, the kidneys were flushed with cell-free perfusates. Changes in the metabolic status characteristic of anaerobic ischemia were a decrease in the tissue levels of ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen, glucose, and the sum of adenine nucleotides, a transitory increase in ADP and AMP, and an increase in the tissue level of lactate. Hypothermia caused a retardation of the anaerobic alterations; the loss of ATP was slowed down by factors of 2 and 9.5 when the temperatures were lowered from 37° to 26° and 6°C, respectively. In aerobic ischemia with orthograde and retrograde persufflation of 100% O2 (persufflation pressure = PP 60 and 30 mm Hg), deviations from a regular metabolic status developed very slowly. While the ATP-level decreased to 50% of the control value within scarcely 30 min of anaerobic ischemia at 6°C, it was almost 48 h before a similar loss of ATP occurred during orthograde aerobic ischemia at 6°C. Reduction of O2 in the persufflation gas to 40 and 21 vol-% resulted in less adequate preservation of the metabolic status. Increasing PP to 100 mm Hg for orthograde persufflation had no effect. An increase in PP to 60 mm Hg for retrograde persufflation resulted in a further delay in the metabolic deterioration. The long-term preservation of a regular metabolic status or the slow deviation of the metabolic pattern from the normal range during ischemia with O2-persufflation indicates a significantly smaller energy deficit than during storage in anaerobic ischemia. It must be attributed to a sufficient aerobiosis in the aerobically ischemic kidney, during which organogenic substrates brought in by the initial perfusion are utilized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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