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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of sp3 bonding in tetrahedral amorphous carbon using visible Raman spectroscopy (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 2305-2308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Visible Raman spectroscopy excited at 532 nm was used to characterize the carbon bonding in tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films. The vibrational modes of the sp3 bonding in ta-C films were revealed directly. An additional Raman band occurring below 1350 cm−1 was observed. It consisted of two features centered on ∼1270 and ∼1170 cm−1, which were associated with sp3 bond stretching. The observed sp3 related Raman spectrum approached the vibrational density of states of amorphous diamond. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1288160
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron field emission from tetrahedral amorphous carbon films with multilayer structure (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 8098-8102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A multilayer structure with alternating metal and semiconductor layers is proposed to occur in tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films prepared by using an intermittent layer-by-layer deposition method. In this model, the multilayers can be represented as A/B/A/B/.../A/B/A stacks, in which A is considered to be a semimetallic sp2-rich graphite-like layer with B being a semiconducting sp3-rich diamond-like layer. According to the proposed structural model, the electron field emission properties of the ta-C multilayers that could be modulated by adjusting the total number of layers, layer thickness and sp3 content of each layer have been predicted. Correspondingly, three kinds of ta-C multilayers were designed and deposited to confirm this model by enabling us to measure the electron field emission properties. Agreement between the prediction and the experimental results has been observed. It was found that field emission from ta-C multilayers can be optimized by changing the number of layers, layer thickness and sp3 content of each layer. In our experiments, a threshold electric field (Eth) as low as ∼5 V/μm has been obtained for field emission from ta-C multilayers with a total of 20 layers and with a 10 nm layer thickness. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373504
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on carbon nitride films synthesized by ion-beam-assisted pulsed laser deposition (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 7060-7066 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Carbon nitride thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition with nitrogen ion beam assistance at a substrate temperature varying from room temperature to 800 °C. The effect of the substrate temperature on the nitrogen content, surface morphology, structure, and electrical property of the carbon nitride films was investigated. The deposited films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and four-probe resistance. The nitrogen content of the deposited films reached its maximum value of 25% at a substrate temperature of 400 °C. AFM images revealed that an island structure occurred and developed on the surface of the films deposited at the high substrate temperature. FTIR and XPS spectra showed the existence of sp3C–N and sp2C(Double Bond)N bonds in the deposited films. The deposited carbon nitride films had an amorphous structure with two carbon nitride phases inclusions, which had a stoichiometry near C3N4 and a variable stoichiometry from C5N to C2N, respectively. With the increase in substrate temperature, the relative content of the sp3C–N bonds, i.e., the C3N4 phase, increased and the crystallization degree of the deposited films enhanced, which were confirmed by the Raman analysis. Very few C(Triple Bond)N bonds in the films were found as compared to other carbon–nitrogen bonds. Electrical resistivity exhibited the highest value for the film deposited at 400 °C. Investigation results indicated that the high substrate temperature could promote the formation of C3N4 phase. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1326474
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical constants of tetrahedral amorphous carbon films in the infrared region and at a wavelength of 633 nm (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 4268-4273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical constants of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films in the infrared region and at a wavelength of 633 nm were investigated. The ta-C films were prepared by the filtered arc deposition technique under different carbon ion energies of 22–320 eV. The ta-C films contained high sp3 bonding of 82%–93% and had very smooth surfaces. The optical band gap was found to be controlled essentially by the presence and arrangement of the sp2 sites in the ta-C films. The real and imaginary parts, ε1 and ε2, of the dielectric constant, refractive index, n, and extinction coefficient, k, of ta-C films were determined from measurements of infrared reflection and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The results indicated that in our region of investigation ta-C films exhibited a fine transparency at a wavelength of 633 nm, especially in the infrared region. Both n and k, and consequently, ε1 and ε2, showed considerable variation in ion energy, and had minimum values approaching those of diamond for film prepared at an ion energy around 220 eV. The dependence of the optical constants on the sp3 content of ta-C films indicated that with increased sp3 content, ta-C film possessed a dielectric constant, refractive index and extinction coefficient much closer to that of diamond. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373064
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of sulphur supply on the morphology of shoots and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A sulphur (S)-deficient top soil was used in a pot experiment to investigate the effect of S supply on shoot and root growth and development in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The treatments consisted of three rates of addition of S: 0, 20 and 40 mg kg−1 soil and each was replicated four times. Alfalfa was harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 d after seedling emergence.By the end of the experiment, plants with S supply had a significantly larger leaf area, heavier leaf, shoot and root dry weight per pot than controls. The effects of adding S also significantly increased plant height, basal stem diameter, chlorophyll concentration of young leaves, root length and root surface area compared with controls. The effects of S were greater on shoots than on roots. The ratio of root to shoot dry weight was 0·47 when S was supplied and 0·88 without added S, indicating that c. 0·32 and 0·47 of the total net photosynthate, produced with or without S supply, respectively, were used for the development of roots. Overall, overcoming S deficiency resulted in a significant increase in shoot and root growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00366.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical and electrical properties of nitrogen incorporated amorphous carbon films (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 2874-2879 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nitrogen incorporated amorphous carbon (a-C:N) films on silicon (111) wafer, quartz, and Ti/C substrates with nitrogen concentration up to 20 at. % are prepared by filtered arc deposition. The nitrogen concentration and area density of the films were measured by Rutherford backscattering. The electrical properties of the films were investigated by Hall electrical measurements. The optical properties of the films were characterized by ultraviolet–visible and infrared reflection spectrometry. Results indicate that the optical band gap and area density of a-C:N films decrease with increasing nitrogen pressure, accompanied with an increase of nitrogen concentration and reflectivity of the films. Furthermore, the influence of nitrogen concentration on the optical band gap of the films is discussed. The dielectric constant, refractive index and absorption coefficient of a-C:N films in infrared region were investigated. The results indicate that the optical constants of a-C:N show considerable variation with wave number and nitrogen content. The variation of optical properties and optical constants of a-C:N films may be due to the development of graphite-like structure with the increasing of nitrogen content in these films. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372271
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal–semiconductor–metal GaN ultraviolet photodetectors on Si(111) (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 444-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: GaN metal–semiconductor–metal photoconductive detectors have been fabricated on Si(111) substrates. The GaN epitaxial layers were grown on Si substrates by means of metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition. These detectors exhibited a sharp cutoff at the wavelength of 363 nm and a high responsivity at a wavelength from 360 to 250 nm. A maximum responsivity of 6.9 A/W was achieved at 357 nm with a 5 V bias. The relationship between the responsivity and the bias voltage was measured. The responsivity saturated when the bias voltage reached 5 V. The response time of 4.8 ms was determined by the measurements of photocurrent versus modulation frequency. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.127004
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thickness-independent electron field emission from tetrahedral amorphous carbon films (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 191-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron field emission properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon films of different thicknesses have been studied. The experimental results indicate that there exists no close relationship between threshold electric field and film thickness. Different field emission models are used to examine the experimental results in order to explain the thickness-independent electron field emission properties. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125699
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for ferroelectric border traps near the SrBi2Ta2O9/Si interface through capacitance–voltage measurement (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 564-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A metal–ferroelectric–semiconductor (MFS) structure has been developed by depositing SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) films directly on n-type (100) Si by pulsed laser deposition. In the MFS structure, evidence for ferroelectric border traps in the SBT film has been obtained by high-frequency capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurement. When the ramp rate of voltage is higher than 200 mV/s, typical ferroelectric C–V hysteresis loops with the counterclockwise direction are obtained in C–V plots. When the ramp rate is lower than 80 mV/s, the ferroelectric hysteresis loops are replaced by the trap-induced ones with the clockwise direction. This pronounced change results from the fact that more and more border traps in SBT can communicate with the underlying Si. The border-trap density at the ramp rate of 10 mV/s is as high as 1.8×1012 cm−2. Moreover, the width of the hysteresis loops changes linearly with the logarithmic decrease in ramp rate, which is consistent with the ferroelectric border traps communicating with Si by tunneling or a thermally activated process. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.127045
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Starch Granule Size Strongly Determines Starch Noodle Processing and Noodle Quality (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemical compositions, physical properties, and suitability for starch noodle making of different granule size fractions from potato and sweet potato starches were studied. The ash content, amylose content, phosphorus content, gel firmness, and freeze-thaw stability of small-size granule fractions(〈 20 μm) were significantly different from those of the large-size granule fractions. The processibility and the qualities evaluated by objective and subjective methods of both dried and cooked starch noodles made from small-size granule fractions were significantly better than those made from their initial starch preparations and much better than those made from the large-size granule fractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12295.x
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