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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    One-dimensional position-sensitive superheated-liquid-droplet in-phantom neutron dosimeter (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 5442-5449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The one-dimensional (1D) position-sensitive superheated-liquid-droplet in-phantom neutron dosimeter incorporating a sensitive volume emulsion has been fabricated, prepared, and tested. The 1D position-sensitive superheated-liquid-droplet dosimeter (SLDD) is fabricated from a 3/8-in.-o.d., 1/4-in.-i.d., 20-cm-long, PlexiglasTM-walled tube filled with a mixture of superheated-liquid FreonTM droplets and host medium glycerol solution. Washer-shaped piezoelectric acoustic transducers are positioned at both ends of the tube; they determine the number and positions of the acoustic events when the superheated-liquid droplets evaporate upon neutron irradiation. The SLDD is sensitive to a wide range of neutron energy, from thermal (0.0253 eV) up to 10 MeV and higher. The SLDD is irradiated with the 137Cs and 60Co γ sources, as well as a 252Cf neutron source to test for its radiation response and spatial resolution. The SLDD based on the Freon-134a superheated-liquid droplets operating at 20 °C and 1 atm is found to be ideal for measuring neutron depth dose and relative biological effectiveness dose. This study also proves that the position of the radiation-induced nucleation acoustic events can be linearly determined from the differences in the transmission times received by the acoustic transducers on the 1D SLDD. The spatial resolution of the neutron depth dose is 1 mm due to the finite response time (1 μs) of the piezoelectric acoustic transducers. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146066
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postgrowth annealing effects of TiO2 thin films grown on InP substrate at low-temperature by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4459-4461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structural and electrical properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films grown on n-type InP(100) substrate by low-pressure metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition have been studied with postannealing. The thin films of TiO2 were deposited at a low temperature of 350 °C using titanium isopropoxide and oxygen. After a postgrowth annealing by the rapid thermal annealing method at a temperature of 850 °C for 15 s, the TiO2/InP structure of only the anatase phase with (101) and (200) peaks was observed by x-ray diffraction analysis. No interface reaction between TiO2 and InP was detected by Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling. From capacitance–voltage measurement of the Al/TiO2/n-InP structure, the interface density of states at midgap energy and the dielectric constant were approximately low 1012 eV−1 cm−2 at midgap energy and about 50, respectively. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361757
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic properties of epitaxial and polycrystalline Fe/Si multilayers : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4772-4774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fe/Si multilayers with antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling have been grown via ion-beam sputtering on both glass and single-crystal substrates. High-angle x-ray diffraction measurements show that both sets of films have narrow Fe peaks, implying a large crystallite size and crystalline iron silicide spacer layers. Low-angle x-ray diffraction measurements show that films grown on glass have rougher interfaces than those grown on single-crystal substrates. The multilayers grown on glass have a larger remanent magnetization than the multilayers grown on single-crystal substrates. The observation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in hysteresis loops and (hkl) peaks in x-ray diffraction demonstrates that the films grown on MgO and Ge are epitaxial. The smaller remanent magnetization in Fe/Si multilayers with better layering suggests that the remanence is not an intrinsic property. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361926
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of microstructure and magnetic properties of Co/Ti multilayer thin films (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 7301-7305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructural and magnetic properties of amorphous Co/Ti multilayer films and their variation with temperature are investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and thermomagnetic measurements. Thermomagnetic curves showed two peaks at about 400 and 520 °C. The evolution of the structure monitored in the hot stage of the TEM was found to be consistent with the magnetic changes. The first peak of the saturation magnetization Ms at 400 °C was associated with the transformation from amorphous ferromagnetism to paramagnetism due to the amorphous Co existing in the film. Ms began to increase corresponding to the crystallization point of the ferromagnetic Co phase, which decreased with increasing amounts of Co in the film. Ms reached its maximum at 520 °C and then decreased because the phase transition occurred at a temperature greater than 520 °C and approached completion at 650 °C. The amorphous phase and crystalline phase formation and phase transition during annealing were observed in Co/Ti multilayer thin films and successfully explained the thermomagnetic properties of the film. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365328
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal evolution of carbon in annealed Co/C soft x-ray multilayers (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 1428-1436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structures of the carbon sublayers in the annealed Co/C soft x-ray multilayers fabricated using a dual-facing-target sputtering system have been characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The results suggest that the structural variations in the carbon layers can be roughly divided into three stages, i.e. ordering, crystalline and grain growth stages. In the ordering stage with annealing temperatures below 400 °C, the upward shift of D and G lines in Raman spectra indicates that the amorphous carbon layers are changing from ones with bond-angle disorder and fourfold-bonding only to ones containing threefold-bonding. In the crystalline stage, the amorphous carbon layers in the as-deposited multilayers crystallize to graphite crystallites in the annealing temperature range of 500–600 °C. The rapid increase in the intensity ratio of D line to G line and dramatic decrease in linewidth further confirm this substantial structural change. In the grain growth stage, the specimens are annealed at temperatures higher than 700 °C. The decrease in the intensity ratio implies a growth in the graphite crystallite dimensions, which is consistent with the XRD and TEM results. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363010
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyperpolarizabilities of the m-substituent phenyl amine based chromophores determined from the hyper-Rayleigh scattering and two photon absorption induced fluorescence (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 5996-6001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The technique of hyper-Rayleigh scattering is used to determine and compare the first hyperpolarizabilities (β) of five structurally similar m-substituent phenyl-amine based chromophores using both internal and external standards. Contribution from the two photon absorption induced fluorescence to the observed signal is carefully removed. The chromophores with the m-substituted phenyl ring, that stabilizes the maximal charge-transfer state through resonance effect, are found to have larger static β values and redshifted electronic absorption peaks (λmax) compared with the para-nitroaniline (pNA) chromophore. The electron-withdrawing m-substituent of the chromophore is found to have the effect of reducing both the β and λmax values. Its effect on β is less pronounced when the π-electron reservoir is large. The enhancement of β value and the redshift λmax are observed to be consistent with the extent of the π electron delocalization. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363597
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersion and dipolar orientational effects on the linear electroabsorption and electro-optic responses in a model guest/host nonlinear optical system (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 6602-6609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Linear electroabsorption (LEA) and linear electro-optic (LEO) measurements are demonstrated using a model guest/host system consisting of disperse red 1 (DR1) doped in poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA). The LEA response is measured over a wavelength range of 300–700 nm. Electro-optic measurements of the real and imaginary parts of the electric field-induced Pockels coefficient are carried out at wavelengths near and far from the resonant absorption. A shift in the absorption maximum and change in the band shape of the LEA spectrum are related to the linear Stark effect and dipolar orientation. Expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the Pockels coefficient derived from the two experiments are provided. Induced dipolar order as a result of the contact poling process is investigated by the LEA measurement. Information concerning the relaxation of the induced dipolar order, investigated by the LEA measurement, is compared to the relaxation results obtained by using the second-harmonic generation technique. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363783
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quadratic electro-absorption and electro-optic effects in a guest/host nonlinear optical polymeric system (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 1267-1274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Quadratic electro-absorption (QEA) and quadratic electro-optic measurements were performed with a guest/host system consisting of 4(4'-N,N-Dimethylaminophenyl)-1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene doped in poly(ethyl)methacrylate host polymer. The imaginary part of the QEA response was measured over a wavelength range of 450–600 nm. The real and imaginary parts of the electric field induced optical Kerr coefficient were measured at wavelengths near and far from resonance. Under different polarizations of the optical field in the QEA measurement, the two contributing coefficients of the third order susceptibility (χ(3)) were deduced. A distinctive temperature variation of the third order response was observed. Temperature dependence measurements from ambient to well above the glass transition of the guest-host system were carried out. The same chromophore in a different polymer host, poly(vinyl)chloride, was also investigated. Correct expressions for the real and imaginary parts of the Kerr coefficient are provided. The present results confirm the importance of the electronic contribution to χ(3) at room temperature where molecular reorientation is insignificant. At high temperatures (above the glass transition temperature of the polymer) the ratio of χ(3)3333/χ(3)1133 deviates from −2, which is predicted by the elastic model assuming molecular reorientation to be the dominant mechanism. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361021
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ac electrical behavior of polycrystalline yttria (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1757-1762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The ac electrical behavior of the polycrystalline yttria was evaluated in the temperature range of 800–1300 °C in air as a function of frequency (5 Hz≤f≤13 MHz). Resistance-temperature and resistance-time (aging) characteristics were examined using immittance measurements and electron microscopy to establish microstructure-property relationships. The ac electrical data indicated two distinct relaxations when analyzed in the impedance plane. These relaxations are attributed to the lumped grain and grain-boundary contributions in conjunction with a polarization effect at the electrode/sample interface. The admittance plane analysis revealed a semicircular relaxation in the low-frequency region, indicative of a trapping effect associated with grain-boundaries and the electrode/sample interface. The variation in the total electrical resistance with time is found to be dependent on the starting microstructure of the sample. A sample with a larger grain size shows a smaller degree of aging at elevated temperatures. Immittance measurements suggest that the major contribution to the aging behavior comes from the evolution in the microstructure. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360205
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aging effect of Co/C soft x-ray multilayer mirrors (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 184-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of aging on Co/C multilayer x-ray mirrors is presented. One significant result is the enhancement of the reflectivity at grazing incidence with time for the Co/C multilayers with C-on-top stored in air or argon and Co-on-top stored in argon. This can be interpreted in terms of a Co–C phase-separation at Co–C interfaces due to the positive enthalpy of Co–C mixing. Results also show that oxidation of the surface of Co-on-top Co/C multilayers plays an important role in the decrease of reflectivity. The oxidation can be prevented by storing the multilayers in an oxygen-free atmosphere or by depositing amorphous carbon as the top layer. The reflectivity of tarnished multilayers can be restored by removing the oxides by wet chemical methods. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363839
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