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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4772-4774 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fe/Si multilayers with antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling have been grown via ion-beam sputtering on both glass and single-crystal substrates. High-angle x-ray diffraction measurements show that both sets of films have narrow Fe peaks, implying a large crystallite size and crystalline iron silicide spacer layers. Low-angle x-ray diffraction measurements show that films grown on glass have rougher interfaces than those grown on single-crystal substrates. The multilayers grown on glass have a larger remanent magnetization than the multilayers grown on single-crystal substrates. The observation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy in hysteresis loops and (hkl) peaks in x-ray diffraction demonstrates that the films grown on MgO and Ge are epitaxial. The smaller remanent magnetization in Fe/Si multilayers with better layering suggests that the remanence is not an intrinsic property. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic coupling of the Fe layers in Fe/Si multilayers strongly depends on the morphology of the iron-silicide interlayer that forms during deposition. Antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling is only observed in Fe/Si multilayers with crystalline interlayers in the CsCl structure. Recently, it has been shown that single layers of Fe–Si in the CsCl structure can be grown epitaxially on Si over a range of stoichiometries. FeSi films are reported to be Kondo insulators below 50 K. We find evidence of a magnetic phase transition in antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Si multilayers. Ms measured in a constant applied field of 50 kOe shows T3/2 behavior down to 10 K. However, M(T) at a lower constant field peaks around 50 K and decreases at lower temperature, indicating enhanced antiferromagnetic coupling or a phase transition. The remanent magnetization increases monotonically with decreasing temperature and has been explained by invoking thermally activated coupling. However, the saturation field also increases with decreasing temperature, indicating a stronger antiferromagnetic interaction. We explore the suggestion that the interlayer coupling is biquadratic in nature. Polarized neutron reflectometry has also been used to get a clearer picture of the complicated magnetic behavior of this multilayer system. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the first results employing a new technique for studying heteromagnetic multilayers by element specific magnetic hysteresis measurements. Dramatically different Fe and Co hysteresis curves of Fe/Cu/Co trilayers were obtained by recording the soft x-ray magnetic dichroism1 at their respective L3 absorption edges as a function of the applied magnetic field. The complicated conventional hysteresis curves, obtained by a vibrating sample magnetometer, were resolved into linear combinations of the two individual elemental hysteresis curves, thus determining the average atomic magnetic moments of each element within the multilayer structure (Fe is 2.0±0.08 μB and Co is 1.1±0.04 μB). Furthermore, fine hysteresis features associated with one element, imperceptible in the conventional curves, were also observed, and demonstrate a new and powerful means for studying heteromagnetic multilayer systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In recent work [J. Appl. Phys. 70, 10 (1991)] the spin valve effect (SVE) was measured in CoxFe1−x/Ag/Fe(x〈0.7) thin layer sandwiches grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The field dependence of the SVE was correlated with VSM magnetization data taken on the samples. It was found that only at low fields was there a correlation between the SVE resistance and the magnetization data. These results indicated a more complex reversal mechanism that included substantial magnetizations in directions not measured in traditional VSM measurements. In order to more accurately determine the field-dependent magnetization of the samples during reversal, the longitudinal and transverse Kerr effects were measured on the layers. The particular geometry used to measure the Kerr effects was for the light scattering plane to be perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. The transverse Kerr effect data, which in this geometry are sensitive to the magnetization parallel to the applied magnetic field, replicated the VSM data. The longitudinal Kerr effect, which is sensitive to the net magnetization perpendicular to the applied field (in the plane of the film), indicated a substantial perpendicular magnetization component. Based upon previous work on epitaxial iron films, it appears that the magnetization reversal process proceeds by transitions between easy axes. From these measurements, the anomalous resistances observed as a function of the applied magnetic field in J. Appl. Phys. 70, 10 (1991), are explained by having one of the films soft, and two easy axes in the plane of the other film.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nonresonant microwave-absorption signals have been observed in a series of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown Fe/Cr/Fe (001) sandwiches which were previously shown to exhibit an antiferromagnetic coupling of the two Fe layers. Using field-modulation detection, one observes signals which display an unusual magnetic-field dependence containing sharp features in the range 0–2 kOe. The magnetic-field locations of these features are independent of the microwave frequency, but their intensity depends strongly on the field-modulation amplitude. The features also have a strong in-plane angular dependence. Comparison with earlier magnetization and magnetoresistance data on the same samples shows that a sharp feature occurs when the magnetization orientations in the Fe films change abruptly, and that one can explain the microwave-absorption signals in terms of magnetoresistance effects in the sandwich. Thus, microwave absorption provides a contactless way to investigate the magnetoresistance in such samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4469-4469 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Single-crystal Fe-Cr-Fe sandwiches have been epitaxially grown in the (100) bcc structure on ZnSe epilayers on GaAs substrates. These sandwiches form a simple well-defined unit for studying the coupling between the Fe layers through the Cr. These simple sandwiches show not only the antiferromagnetic coupling reported earlier in (100) superlattices,1 but also competing effects of the magnetocrystalline anisotropies which are of comparable strength. Detailed studies were made of the magnetization in the (100) plane along the [100] and [110] axes for a large set of samples for which the Fe films were held at (approximately-equal-to)40 A(ring), but the Cr thickness (t) was varied from 5 to 85 A(ring). We observe a narrow window of values 10〈t〈25 A(ring) for which antiferromagnetic alignment is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4892-4894 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetoresistance measurements have been performed on a set of molecular-beam epitaxy-grown Fe-Cr-Fe sandwiches with different chromium thicknesses, 12 A(ring)〈tCr〈28 A(ring). For 13 A(ring)〈tCr〈24 A(ring), magnetization measurements show that the Fe moments are antialigned at zero field. For samples exhibiting zero-field antialignment, negative magnetoresistance steps are observed at applied fields where discontinuities occur in the magnetization curve. The size of the magnetoresistance steps increases with increasing antiferromagnetic coupling between the Fe layers. The magnetoresistance [ρ(H)−ρ(0)]/ρ(0) is approximately proportional to cos2(Δφ/2), where Δφ≡(φ1−φ2), and φ1(H) and φ2(H) are the angles that the individual moments of the two Fe films make with the in-plane easy 〈100〉 axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 5321-5321 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin films of Fe with interleaved Cr have generated considerable interest because of the antiferromagnetic coupling between the Fe layers. This coupling has been examined using ferromagnetic resonance and other measurements. The results have been explained on the basis of the phenomenological expression for the magnetic free energy. We have determined the magnetic free energy for a single-crystal Fe/Cr/Fe(001) sandwich grown by molecular beam epitaxy using torque magnetometry. At fields below the anisotropy field, both the torque and free energy show a complex switching of the antiferromagnetically coupled Fe moments (Fig. 1). Preliminary calculations show that the exchange and the angle between the antiferromagnetically coupled Fe moments can be determined directly from these curves. We shall discuss our measurements and calculations and compare our results with the earlier ferromagnetic resonance results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 5920-5924 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Multiple-frequency (2–14 GHz) ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) has been used to directly observe the coupled resonance modes of a large set of single-crystal Fe/Cr/Fe(001) sandwiches grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The FMR data reveal two resonance modes which have complicated frequency dependencies for those samples that show antialigned Fe layers in zero applied field. Such alignment is only found for samples with 12 A(ring)〈t(Cr)〈25 A(ring). These samples also have dramatic discontinuities in their M-vs-H curves and magnetoresistance curves. Angle-dependent 35-GHz FMR was used to determine the anisotropy and effective magnetization of these samples when they were magnetically aligned. We show that the detailed FMR and M-vs-H behavior can be quantitatively explained by an AF coupling term of the form J Mˆ1⋅Mˆ2 and find that J has a t(Cr) dependence peaked about 16 A(ring).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3870-3870 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel design is presented for a cryogenically cooled multisubstrate sample holder for thin film deposition in high vacuum. The cryogen flows through tubing soldered onto a fixed copper plate, while the substrates are mounted on a separate tray that is supported by a linear/rotary-motion feedthrough. By lowering the substrate tray into firm contact with the copper plate, substrate temperatures as low as 120 K can be achieved. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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