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  • 1
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Tomography, X-ray computed – Coronary disease – Coronary atherosclerosis – Multirow-detector computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This contribution reviews the pathology and morphology of coronary calcifications. It summarizes the indications for investigation of the coronary arteries. The standard protocols for scan acquisition using electron beam and conventional computed tomography are described as well as various methods for evaluation such as the traditional Agatston scoring method and the newer three-dimensional scoring algorithms. Guidelines for interpreting scores are also reviewed. Major limitations of the reproducibility of the calcium score measurement are summarized. Future aspects of multirow-detector spiral computed tomography with retrospective electrocardiographic triggering for quantifying coronary calcium are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Kardiale Bildgebung ; Angiographie ; Nuklearmedizin ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Computertomographie ; Key word ; Cardiac imaging ; Angiography ; Nuclear imaging ; Magnetic resonance tomography ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Purpose: Cardiac imaging includes determination of the size and structure of the cardiac chambers, valves, great vessels and the coronary arteries, chamber and valvular function, myocardial perfusion, viability and metabolism. Material and methods: Chest roentgenography, angiography, echocardiography and nuclear imaging are commonly used but computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging also offer a promising potential. Results: Coronary angiography is the gold standard in assessing coronary anatomy. Fast CT technologies such as electron-beam and multi-row-CT are promising non-invasive imaging modalities in the assessment of coronary artery disease. With intravascular ultrasound early stages of coronary atherosclerosis can be detected. For the assessment of myocardial perfusion and viability as well as cardiac function, scintigraphic methods are widely accepted. However, MRI methods have also reached a high degree of accuracy. Evaluation of chamber and valvular function is, due to its wide availability, the field of echocardiography. Conclusions: In clinical routine chest roentgenography, angiography, echocardiography and nuclear imaging are well established. The value of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, myocardial perfusion, viability and metabolism is yet to be defined.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Anforderungen an die kardiale Bildgebung sind die Darstellung der Anatomie der Herzhöhlen, Herzklappen, Koronararterien und der großen Gefäße, Parameter der Ventrikel- und Klappenfunktion, der Myokardperfusion, Myokardvitalität und des myokardialen Stoffwechsels. Material und Methode: In der Bildgebung kommen neben den etablierten Standardverfahren wie Röntgen, Angiographie, Echokardiographie und nuklearmedizinischen Methoden auch neuere Verfahren der Computer- und Magnetresonanztomographie zum Einsatz. Ergebnisse: Die Koronarangiographie ist der Goldstandard in der Darstellung des gesamten Koronarsystems. In der Diagnostik der koronaren Herzerkrankung zeigen schnelle CT-Verfahren wie die Elektronenstrahltomographie (EBT) und die Mehrzeilendetektor-CT (MDCT) Vorteile gegenüber der Kernspintomographie. Frühstadien der koronaren Arteriosklerose können nur mit dem intravaskulären Ultraschall (IVUS) erkannt werden. Nuklearmedizinische Methoden sind in der Untersuchung der Myokardperfusion und -vitalität etabliert. Mit der MRT scheint eine qualitative und quantitative Bestimmung der regionalen Perfusion, Funktion und Vitalität möglich zu sein. Die Untersuchung der linksventrikulären Funktion und der Herzklappen ist die Domäne der Echokardiographie. Schlussfolgerung: In der klinischen Routine sind die Angiographie, Echokardiographie und die Nuklearmedizin etablierte Methoden. Der Stellenwert der Magnetresonanz- und Computertomographie in der Diagnostik der koronaren Herzerkrankung und der Herzfunktion, Perfusion und Vitaltät ist noch nicht definiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 11 (2000), S. II73 
    ISSN: 1435-1544
    Keywords: Key words tilt table test – neurocardiogenic syncope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurocardiogenic mechanism is the most frequent reason of syncope. Tilt table testing is the standard procedure to prove diagnoses and guide therapy. However, tilt testing has limitations, which will be discussed in this review. First of all, the methodological validation of the test is incomplete: there are several protocols, which differ in the combination of passive testing and pharmacological provocation, the drugs used for provocation and factors such as tilt angle and in general, passive testing without pharmacological intervention is less sensitive (mean value about 40%) than fairly specific (specificity in the range of 80%). High tilt angles (80°) as well as drugs to provoke syncope on the tilt table increase sensitivity (up to 70%) at the expense of specificity (as low as ≤ 50%). There is a substantial number of patients with typical signs of neurocardiogenic syncope, whose symptoms cannot be provoked by tilt testing even with pharmacological provocation. Many factors influence the test result: age of the patient, fasting period and instrumentation during the test (i. v. needles, etc.), circadian variability, time interval until the spontaneous episode of syncope and cardiovascular drugs. Patients with or without positive tilt table testing turned out to have the same prognosis with respect to the frequency of syncopal spells. Patients with tilt table inducible syncope, who are given β-blockers, do not differ from untreated patients. Most interestingly, the procedure itself significantly reduces the number of syncopes without any form of treatment. Thus, the test is not very helpful to guide therapy. Unfortunately, prospective studies are missing and definite conclusions are difficult at this stage of knowledge. In patients with significant cardiac diseases, the neurocardiogenic mechanism is frequently involved as one factor of syncope, although the positive result (= syncope on the tilt table) does not exclude a serious or life-threatening course of syncope (i. e., malignant ventricular arrhythmias). Thus, the first step in diagnoses of patients with syncope is to evaluate cardiac disease. Without organic heart disease, a first episode of syncope does not require tilt table testing, especially if symptoms are typical of neurocardiogenic mechanism. Without any doubt, tilt table testing is indicated and valuable in the evaluation of unexplained recurrent syncope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 89 (2000), S. 274-283 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Holter-ECG – signal averaging – late potentials – ventricular fibrillation – ventricular tachycardia ; Schlüsselwörter Langzeit-EKG – Spätpotentiale – Signalmittelung – Kammerflimmern – Kammertachykardie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Ventrikuläre Spätpotentiale sind eher bei Postinfarktpatienten mit rezidivierenden Kammertachykardien als solchen mit überlebtem, Kammerflimmern vorhanden. Möglicherweise unterliegt die Spätpotentialnachweisbarkeit tageszeitlichen Schwankungen. Methode: Deshalb wurde wiederholt zu jeder Stunde im Langzeit-EKG von 160 Postinfarktpatienten (50 Patienten (= VT-Gruppe) mit anhaltenden, rezidivierenden Kammertachykardien (Zykluslänge 〉 230 ms), 50 Patienten (= VF-Gruppe) mit überlebtem, dokumentiertem Kammerflimmern und 60 Patienten ohne anhaltende Kammerarrhythmien (Ø VT/VF-Gruppe)) eine Spätpotentialanalyse im Zeit- und Frequenzbereich durchgeführt und einer konventionellen, nur zu einer Tageszeit durchgeführten Spätpotentialanalyse gegenübergestellt. Ergebnisse: Die konventionelle Analyse im Zeitbereich zeigte Spätpotentiale in 72% der VT-Gruppe, 40% der VF-Gruppe und in 20% der Ø VT/VF-Gruppe. Im Langzeit-EKG hatten 66% der VT-Gruppe, nur 6% der VF-Gruppe und kein Patient der Ø VT/VF-Gruppe durchgehend Spätpotentiale. In wenigstens einer Analyse im Frequenzbereich fanden sich jedoch Spätpotentiale in 84% der VF-Gruppe, 90% der VT-Gruppe und in 18% der Ø VT/VF-Gruppe. Passager nachweisbare Spätpotentiale bei Patienten der VF-Gruppe fanden sich bei morgendlichen Herzfrequenzbeschleunigungen, passageren ST-Segment-Veränderungen oder vorübergehend reduzierter Herzfrequenzvariabilität. Schlußfolgerung: Postinfarktpatienten mit anhaltenden Kammertachykardien haben überwiegend konstant über 24 Stunden nachweisbare Spätpotentiale, so daß eine konventionelle Spätpotentialanalyse zur Risikostratifizierung des Postinfarktpatienten zu jeder Tageszeit erfolgversprechend ist. Bei Postinfarktpatienten, die Kammerflimmern überlebten, sind passager auftretende Spätpotentiale vorhanden, die nur im Langzeit-EKG erfaßt werden können. Bei diesen Patienten könnte die Spätpotentialanalyse im Langzeit-EKG die Risikostratifizierung hinsichtlich des plötzlichen Herztodes verbessern.
    Notes: Summary Background: Ventricular late potentials are found more readily in post-infarction patients who had sustained ventricular tachycardia than in those who survived ventricular fibrillation. Hypothetically, a daytime variability of late potentials might be responsible for this finding. Method: Therefore a conventional late potential analysis only performed once a day was compared to a late potential analysis in time and frequency domain repeatedly performed every hour in the Holter-ECG of 160 post-infarction patients (50 patients (= VT-group) with documented, sustained ventricular tachycardia (cycle-length 〉 230 ms), 50 patients (= VF-group) who survived, documented ventricular fibrillation and 60 patient, without ventricular arrhythmias (= Ø VT/VF-group)). Results: The conventional analysis showed late potentials in time domain in 72% of the patients in the VT-group, in 40% of patients in the VF-group and in 20% of the patients in the Ø VT/VF-group. The Holter-ECG showed late potentials to be permanently present in frequency domain in 66% of the patients in the VT-group, in only 6% in the patients in the VF-group and in no patient in the Ø VT/VF-group. However, in at least one analysis we detected late potentials in 84% of patients of the VF-group, in 90% of patients in the VT-group and in 18% of patients in the Ø VT/VF-group. Transiently detectable late potentials in patients of the VF-group were predominantly seen at heart rate accelerations in the morning hours, ST-segment shifts or transitory decreased heart rate variability. Conclusions: Post-infarction patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia predominantly have constantly detectable late potentials over 24 hours. In these patients conventional late potential is successful for post-infarction risk stratification at any time of the day. However, in post-infarction patients who survived ventricular fibrillation, late potentials are found to be transitory and only detectable by Holter-ECG. Thus, late potential analysis performed in the Holter-ECG might improve post-infarction risk stratification in patients prone to sudden cardiac death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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