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  • 1995-1999  (5)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (6)
  • 1975-1979  (3)
  • Organic Chemistry  (12)
  • Depression  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonerge Dysfunktion als Folge sozialer Isolation Bedeutung für die Entstehung von Aggression und Alkoholabhängigkeit (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 780-789 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Serotonin ; Verhaltensinhibierendes System ; Impulsivität ; Aggression ; Depression ; Key words Serotonin ; Behavior inhibition system ; impulsivity ; Aggression ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission has been associated with two different psychopathological syndromes – impulsive aggressivity resulting form a lack of stimulation of the “behavior inhibition system” on the one hand and the manifestation of clinical depression and compulsive syndromes on the other. The examination of primate behavior provides a model which may reconciliate these seemingly contradictory hypotheses. According to primate experiments, monoaminergic depletion results in anxious and desperate behavior only if the individual has previously been exposed to social isolation stress, which in turn induces a decrease in the central serotonin turnover rate. Young non-human primates who experience early social separation stress are anxious and fearful, while as adults they tend to be aggressive, consume excessive amounts of alcohol and are less intoxicated by alcohol intake. These observation indicate the importance of social separation stress in the pathogenesis of alcoholism and antisocial behavior and may point to prophylactic and pharmacological treatment strategies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Dysfunktion serotonerger Transmission wurde mit zwei verschiedenen psychopathologischen Syndromen in Verbindung gebracht. Einerseits wurde der serotonergen Neurotransmission eine wesentliche Rolle in der Stimulation des “verhaltensinhibierenden Systems” zuerkannt und postuliert, daß ein verminderter Serotoninumsatz zur Enthemmung impulsiver und aggressiver Verhaltensweisen führt. Andererseits gibt es Hinweise auf die Bedeutung einer verminderten serotonergen Transmission in der Pathogenese der Depression und der Angsterkrankungen. Eine mögliche Deutung der vordergründig widersprüchlichen Befunde ergibt sich aus der Untersuchung serotonerger Transmission bei Primaten. Eine pharmakogen induzierte Verarmung an monoaminergen Neurotransmittern führt demnach nur dann zu depressionsanalogen Verhaltensweisen, wenn in der individuellen Entwicklung mehrfach Phasen sozialer Isolation durchlebt wurden. Umgekehrt ist soziale Isolation bei jungen Primaten mit einem verminderten Serotoninumsatz, verstärkter Ängstlichkeit und sozialer Inkompetenz assoziiert, während sich bei diesen Primaten im Erwachsenenalter eine erhöhte Aggressivität und Alkoholtoleranz und ein erhöhter freiwilliger Alkoholkonsum nachweisen lassen. Diese Befunde unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Streß- und Lernfaktoren in der Ausgestaltung der psychopathologischen Korrelate einer serotonergen Dysfunktion und verweisen auf mögliche prophylaktische und pharmakologische Behandlungsoptionen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050512
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Medikamentenindizierter Kopfschmerz (1999)
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 13 (1999), S. 304-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Medikamenteninduzierter Kopfschmerz ; Serotonin ; Migräne ; Depression ; Angsterkrankungen ; Key words Drug-induced headache ; Serotonin ; Migraine ; Depression ; Anxiety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The pathogenesis of drug abuse in patients suffering from drug-induced headache is not known in detail. It is unclear whether drug abuse in chronic daily headache should be classified as a form of drug dependence. Current findings concerning the neurobiological correlates of addictive behavior and affective disorders point to the importance of monoaminergic dysregulation, especially a dysfunction of central serotonergic neurotransmission. We reviewed the literature on drug-induced headache and examined hypothetical pathomechanisms of addiction. Drugs causing drug-induced headache such as paracetamol, coffein and ergotamine interfere with behavior patterns or neurotransmitter systems that are also affected by drugs of abuse. Several drugs that ameliorate acute headache interact with central serotonergic neurotransmission and may affect anxiety and depression in patients with chronic daily headache. Non human primate and human studies revealed mechanisms of serotonergic dysfunction in drug dependence, which may also be relevant for drug-abuse in medication-induced headache. Medication-induced dysfunction of monoaminergic, especially serotonergic neurotransmission, may affect drug dependence by exacerbating mood disorders. Further studies are necessary to assess serotonergic neurotransmission in patients with drug-induced headache and abuse of medication.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Pathogenese des Medikamentenmißbrauchs bei chronischen Kopfschmerzen ist weitgehend unbekannt. Es ist unklar, ob es sich um eine typische Abhängigkeitserkrankung handelt und ob sich monoaminerge neurobiologische Störungen nachweisen lassen, die in vergleichbarer Form auch bei anderen Abhängigkeitssyndromen auftreten. Wir analysierten die vorliegende Literatur zu medikamenteninduzierten Kopfschmerzen im Hinblick auf Befunde zu möglichen neurobiologischen Mechanismen der Abhängigkeitsentwicklung. Schmerzmittel, Koffein und Ergotamine verursachen ähnliche Verhaltensauffälligkeiten oder wirken in vergleichbarer Weise auf monoaminerge Neurotransmittersysteme ein wie Suchtsubstanzen. Eigene bildgebende Untersuchungen zeigten eine Assoziation zwischen einer serotonergen Dysfunktion, affektiven Störungen und der Entwicklung abhängigen Verhaltens, die auch für die Entstehung der medikamenteninduzierten Kopfschmerzen relevant sein könnte. Medikamentös induzierte Störungen der monoaminergen, insbesondere der serotonergen Neurotransmission führen möglicherweise deshalb zur Abhängigkeitsentwicklung, weil sie affektive Störungen verstärken. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um serotonerge Mechanismen der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung des Medikamentenmißbrauchs bei medikamenteninduzierten Kopfschmerzen zu überprüfen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004820050237
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    π…π interactions of flavins, 5. Syntheses, structures and physical properties of flavin systems with covalent bonding to π donors and π acceptors (quinones) (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1995 (1995), S. 1827-1836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Isoalloxazinophanes ; Flavins ; π Donors ; π Acceptors ; Quinones ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To study π…π interactions of flavins of different redox states with π-electron donors and acceptors, the syntheses of compounds in which such π systems are linked to flavins by using the „cyclophane concept“ were attempted and partially achieved. The syntheses of the metacyclo-isoalloxazinophanes 1 and 2 are reported as well as the X-ray structure analysis of 2. The conversion of 1 or 2 to the benzoquinono-isoalloxazinophanes 3 or 4, respectively, was not achieved, obviously due to the specific sterical shielding of the methoxy groups in the isoalloxazinophanes. Benzoquinone-isoalloxazine systems in which the two components are linked by only one triethylene chain were obtained. Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties related to intramolecular interactions are reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.1995199510256
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Electron Donor-Acceptor Compounds, 51. [3](N,N′)-1,8;4,5-Naphthalenetetracarboxdiimido- [3](2,7)Pyrenophane and Its [4,4]Cyclophane Homologue (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 1551-1556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Intramolecular electron donor-acceptor interactions ; [3.3]- and [4.4]Cyclophanes of pyrene and 1,4;5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide ; Charge transfer ; Through-space interactions ; UV/Vis spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron donor-acceptor cyclophanes 1 and 2, consisting of pyrene as the donor component and 1,8;4,5-naphthalenete-tracarboxdiimide as the acceptor component fixed by methylene chains in parallel face-to-face orientations, have been synthesized. The structures, based on an X-ray analysis of 1 and on spectroscopic properties, are discussed with reference to intramolecular charge-transfer interactions and are compared to those of the related excimer models [3.3]- and [4.4]pyrenophanes 3 and 4.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199719970735
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduced Electron-Transfer in Porphyrin-quinone Cyclophanes, 15.Part 14: Ref. Distance Dependence of Photoinduced Electron-Transfer: Syntheses and Structures of Naphthalene-Spacered Porphyrin-Quinone Cyclophanes (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1997 (1997), S. 2321-2336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Photoinduced electron-transfer, distance dependence ; Naphthalene-spacered porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes ; Synthesis, conformations, structural analysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses, conformational and structural analyses of porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes 2 with naphthalene-spacers are presented and the findings are compared with data for previously investigated analogous benzene-spacered compounds 1. In combination with data for the biphenylene- and anthracene-spacered porphyrin-quinone cyclophanes 3 and 4, to be published in following papers, the results reported herein allow some appraisal to be made of the distance dependences of photoinduced electron-transfer from porphyrin to quinone units.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199719971121
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [2.2](2,7)Pyrenophan als Excimeren-Modell: Synthese und spektroskopische Eigenschaften (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1979 (1979), S. 886-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [2.2](2,7)Pyrenophane as an Excimer Model: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.197919790618
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektron-Donor- Acceptor-Verbindungen, XXI. Intramolekulare Chinhydrone mit [2.2.2.21(1,2,4,5)Cyclophan- Struktur (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1979 (1979), S. 1258-1269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron-Donor-Acceptor Compounds, XXI. - Intramolecular Quinhydrones with [2.2.2.2](1,2,4,5)Cyclophane Structure
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.197919790817
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektron-Donor-Acceptor-Verbindungen, XXVII Chinhydrone der [4.4]Paracyclophan-ReiheHerrn Professor Dr. M. Seefelder zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet. (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1981 (1981), S. 1052-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron Donor-Acceptor Compounds, XXVII.  -  Quinhydrones of the [4.4]Paracyclophane SeriesIn the context of the determination of the distance and orientation dependence of charge-transfer interactions the diastereomeric quinhydrones 5 and 6 of the [4.4]paracyclophane series were prepared. Cyclisation of 1,4-bis(3-bromopropyl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene with 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzenedimethanethiol yielded the diastereomeric dithia[5.5]paracyclophanes 9/10 which, via the corresponding disulfones 11/12, were converted into the 6,9,16,19-tetramethoxy-[4.4]paracyclophanes 7/8. The stereoisomers 7/8, as well as the pairs of diastereomers 9/10 and 11/12. have been separated; experiments on thermal isomerisation are reported. The assignment of 7/8 to the pseudoortho and pseudogeminal constitution was established by an X-ray structure analysis of 7 the molecular structure of which is discussed. Oxidative demethylation of 7 and 8 yielded the diastereomeric quinhydrones 5 and 6. Charge-transfer absorptions of these compounds are compared with those of the corresponding [3.3]paracyclophane quinhydrones 3b and 4b and are discussed under the aspect of the specific conformational situation present in the [4.4]paracyclophane system.
    Notes: Zur Untersuchung der Abstands- und Orientierungsabhängigkeit der Charge-Transfer-Wechsel-wirkungen wurden die diastereomeren Chinhydrone 5 und 6 der [4.4]Paracyclophan-Rehe synthetisiert. Die Cyclisierung von 1,4-Bis(3-brompropyl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzol mit 2,5-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoldimethanthiol ergab die diastereomeren Dithia[5.5]paracyclophane 9/10, die über die entsprechenden Disulfone 11/12 in die 6,9,16,19-Tetramethoxy[4.4]paracyclophane 7/8 über-führt wurden. Ebenso wie die Diastereomeren-Paare 9/10 und 11/12 lieβen sich auch 7/8 in die Stereoisomeren trennen; über Isomerisierungsversuche wird berichtet. Die Zuordnung von 7/8 zur pseudoortho- und pseudogeminalen Reihe geschah durch Röntgen-Strukturanalyse von 7, für das die Molekülstruktur diskutiert wird. Oxidative Demethylierung von 7 und 8 diastereomeren Chinhydrone 5 und 6. Die Charge-Transfer-Absorptionen dieser Verbindungen werden mit denen der entsprechenden [3.3]Paracyclophan-Chinhydrone 3b und 4b verglichen und unter dem Gesichtspunkt der im [4.4]Paracyclophan-System vorliegenden besonderen Konformationsverhältnisse diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198119810611
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektron-Donor-Acceptor-Verbindungen, XXVIII Synthese und Charge-Transfer-Eigenschaften von 4,7-Diaza[2.2]paracyclophanen (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1981 (1981), S. 1065-1072 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron Donor-Acceptor Compounds, XXVIII.  -  Synthesis and Charge-Transfer Properties of 4,7-Diaza[2.2]paracyclophanes
    Notes: 2,5-Bis(brommethyl)pyrazin (3) wurde dargestellt und mit 1,4-Benzoldimethanthiol und 2,5-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoldimethanthiol zu den entsprechenden 5,8-Diaza-2,11-dithia[3.3]paracyclophanen cyclisiert. Photochemische Schwefel-Extrusion ergab 4,7-Diaza[2.2]paracyclophan (1) und die stereoisomeren 12,15-Dimethoxy-4,7-diaza[2.2]paracyclophane 5 und 6, die chromatographisch getrennt wurden.  -  Absorptions- und Emissionsspektren von 5 und 6 beweisen die π-Acceptor-Eigenschaft eines Pyrazins, das im [2.2]Paracyclophan-System einem starken Elektron-Donor gegenübersteht. Die beobachtete Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der Charge-Transfer-Absorptionen von 5 und 6 (Abb.) wird auf eine Änderung der Elektronenaffinität des Pyrazin-Teils durch Solvatation und Protonierung zurückgeführt. Der Vergleich von Charge-Transfer-Eigenschaften der Stereoisomeren 5 und 6 zeigt die Orientierungsabhängigkeit der Donor-Acceptor-Wechselwirkung.2,5-Bis(bromomethyl)pyrazine (3) was prepared and cyclized with 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol and 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzenedimethanethiol to give the corresponding 5,8-diaza-2,11-dithia[3.3]-paracyclophanes. Photochemical sulfur extrusion yielded 4,7-diaza[2.2]paracyclophane (1) and the stereoisomeric 12,15-dimethoxy-4,7-diaza[2.2]paracyclophanes 5 and 6 which were separated by chromatography.  -  Absorption and emission spectra of 5 and 6 demonstrate the π-acceptor quality of pyrazine when linked in a [2.2]paracyclophane system vis-a-vis to a strong electron donor. The solvent dependence of charge-transfer absorptions observed for 5 and 6 (Fig.) is ascribed to the change in electron affinity of the pyrazine moiety by solvation and protonation. By comparing charge-transfer properties of the stereoisomers 5 and 6 the orientation dependence of electron donor-acceptor interactions is shown.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198119810612
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cycloarene, eine neue Klasse aromatischer Verbindungen, IV. Versuche zur Synthese des Cyclo[d.e.e.d.e.e.d.e.e]nonakisbenzens und des Cyclo[d.e.d.e.d.e.d.e.d.e]decakisbenzens (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1984 (1984), S. 742-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloarenes, a New Class of Aromatic Compounds, IV. - Attempts to Synthesize cyclo-[d.e.e.d.e.e.d.e.e]nonakisbenzene and cyclo[d.e.d.e.d.e.d.e.d.e]decakisbenzeneWith the aim to synthesize 3 the dithiaphane 5 was prepared from which via 6 the [2]anthraceno[2]benzo[c]phenanthrenophane 10 was obtained. The corresponding [2.2]phane-diene 11 was prepared from 5 via 12 and 13. The conformations of 5, 10, and 11 yielded 14 which was dehydrogenated to yield the new aromatic system 15. The second internal ring closure to 3 so far did not succeed. - As precursors for the synthesis of 4 the [2]dibenzo[a, j]anthraceno[2]anthraceno[2]phenanthrenophanes 19 and 20 as well as the corresponding [2.2]phane-dienes 23 and 24 were prepared via 18.Attempts to cyclodehydrogenate to 4 failed. In this context the conformations of 19, 20, 23, and 24 are discussed based on 1H NMR spectra.
    Notes: Mit dem Ziel der Synthese von 3 wurde das Dithiaphan 5 dargestellt, das über 6 in das [2]Anthraceno[2]benzo[c]phenanthrenophan 10 übergeführt wurde. Das entsprechende Phandien 11 wurde aus 5 über 12 und 13 erhalten. Die Konformationsverhältnisse von 5, 10 und 11 werden anhand der 1H-NMR-Spektren diskutiert. - Aus 11 entstand durch nicht-oxidative Photocyclisierung 14, das zu dem neuen aromatischen Bindungssystem 15 dehydriert wurde. Der zweite innere Ringschluß zu 3 gelang bisher nicht. - Als Vorstufen für die Synthese von 4 wurden über 18 die [2]Dibenz[a, j]anthraceno[2]phenanthrenophane 19 und 20 sowie die entsprechenden [2.2]Phandiene 23 und 24 dargestellt. Versuche der Cyclodehydrierung zu 4 schlugen fehl. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Konformationsverhältnisse von 19, 20, 23 und 24 auf der Basis von 1H-NMR-Daten diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198419840411
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