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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between three transmucosal routes of administration of midazolam in children (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 7 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Midazolam was applied transmucosally in 47 children randomly assigned to three different groups. Group N received 0.2 mg·kg−1 nasally, group R 0.5 mg·kg−1 rectally, and group S 0.2 mg·kg−1 sublingually. All groups were treated 60 min prior to a planned i.v. puncture with EMLA®. Reliable and valid psychological parameters (such as emotional situation, shivering, awareness, respiratory rate and facial colour) were scored after premedication and before and after i.v. puncture, 20 min after premedication and until induction. A blood sample was drawn 10, 30 and 60 min after premedication and the levels of midazolam, alpha-hydroxy-midazolam, ACTH, glucose and cortisol were measured. In all three groups the plasma levels of midazolam 10 min after premedication were higher than 70 ng·ml−1 (accepted as a sedative level). 30 min after premedication the midazolam level in the sublingual group was statistically significantly higher than in the nasal group and the psychological parameters in all three groups were significantly changed (10 min after premedication). The psychological parameters were not significantly different between the three groups over the whole study. Sublingual premedication has some advantages (most readily accepted, highest plasma levels and lowest deviations) and could be the first choice in premedication of children. All three transmucosal applications are safe and well accepted, although nasal application was rejected by two of the children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-57.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon disulphide (1996)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1996), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Carbon disulphide ; Coronary heart disease ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography Effort test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ⋅Objective The aim of the study was to examine whether an increase can be detected in the prevalence of coronary heart disease or a higher prevalence of unusual cardiological findings in workers with occupational exposure to carbon disulphide (CS2) at the level of the threshold limit value of 10 ppm currently valid in occupational medicine. ⋅ Methods In a cross-sectional study we investigated 247 men occupationally exposed to CS2 and a comparable control group (n=222). The current exposure to CS2 was measured using personal air monitoring and biological monitoring of all test persons. A cumulative exposure index (median of CS2 exposure in the past multiplied by the duration of employment) was calculated. In addition to collecting comprehensive anamnestic data on all persons, we carried out a physical examination, an ultrasound examination of the large arteries, a resting and exercise ECG and an echocardiographic examination. ⋅ Results No increase could be found in the prevalence of coronary heart disease or of arteriosclerotic findings in the exposed subjects. There was no difference in the distribution of the performance of the two groups in the ergometric tests. The echocardiogram showed a median increase in the diameter of the left atrium and left ventricle of 1–2 mm in the exposed subjects. These differences could also be confirmed statistically after multiple linear regression analysis. The left ventricular, telesystolic diameter was positively associated (P〈0.05) with internal exposure (CS2 metabolite in urine), and fractional shortening revealed a plausible negative trend (P=0.0755). Current external exposure (CS2 in air) and cumulative exposure did not influence any of the parameters investigated. ⋅ Conclusion The findings may indicate a negatively inotropic effect of CS2 so far unknown in man. However, no clinical relevance for this effect was apparent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050110
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon disulphide (1995)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 67 (1995), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Carbon disulphide ; Coronary heart diseases ; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Shift work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate risk factors for coronary heart disease and factors which can influence the course of acute myocardial infarction in workers exposed to CS2 we performed a cross-sectional study of 247 workers in the viscose industry. The control group of 222 men from the same plant was comparable for age, social status and physical work. The CS2 exposure determined by personal air sampling ranged from 〈 0.2 ppm to 65.7 ppm (median: 4.0 ppm) and the duration of exposure ranged from 4 to 220 (median: 66) months. Using a multiple linear regression model we found neither higher blood pressure at rest or after exercise, nor hyperlipoproteinaemia in a higher degree, nor lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or lower apolipoprotein A-I levels, nor higher blood glucose values, nor indicators of direct cardiotoxic effects or signs of disturbances in blood coagulation in the exposed group in comparison to controls. Regarding the influence of chronic exposure on the investigated parameters, we found an inverse correlation of the cumulative exposure (mean CS2 exposure in the department multiplied by the duration of work in this department) with the HDL concentration. The HDL levels correlated with the duration but not with the intensity of exposure. In the same way the apolipoprotein A-I levels showed a negative association with the duration of exposure in the exposed group as well as in the control group. The HDL concentrations showed the same trend for the controls. It therefore seems that this finding is more likely due to confounding factors than to the CS2 exposure. As all subjects (exposed and controls) have done shift work, in some cases for a long time, this kind of work could be responsible for the negative relationship between the duration of employment as a shift worker and the apolipoprotein A-I and HDL levels. At the current air-borne levels no significant differences were found between the exposed persons and the controls in the distribution frequency for blood pressure values, lipoproteins, blood glucose, blood coagulation and indicators of direct cardiotoxic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409406
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