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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 44 (1990), S. 245-258 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65D07 ; 41A15 ; Convex or monotone area true splines ; sufficient and necessary existence conditions ; construction of splines with minimal mean curvature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die flächentreue Approximation von Histogrammen durch rational-quadratischeC 1-Splines unter Zusatzbedingungen wie Konvexität oder Monotonie. Für derartige Aufgaben werden hinreichende und notwendige Existenzbedingungen in algorithmischer Form angegeben, und es ergibt sich, daß sich diese Bedingungen bei konvexen oder monotonen Histogrammen durch passende Wahl der Rationalitätsparameter stets erfüllen lassen. Da die genannten Aufgaben, sofern überhaupt, im allgemeinen nicht eindeutig lösbar sind, werden Histosplines mit minimaler Gesamtkrümmung ermittelt.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the area true approximation of histograms by rational quadraticC 1-splines is considered under constraints like convexity or monotonicity. For the existence of convex or monotone histosplines sufficient and necessary conditions are derived, which always can be satisfied by choosing the rationality parameters appropriately. Since the mentioned problems are in general not uniquely solvable histo-splines with minimal mean curvature areconstructed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 64 (1977), S. 437-438 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 510-520 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Narkosebeatmung, Säuglinge – Kuhnsystem – Kinderkreissystem – Transkutane PO2/PCO2-Messung ; Key words: Anaesthesia, infants – Breathing systems – T-piece system, Paediatric circuit system – Ventilation modes – Face mask – Endotracheal tube – Transcutaneous PO2/PCO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Monitoring of ventilation in infants is difficult and often not very reliable. In this study, transcutaneous measurement of blood gas tensions was used to investigate the influence of four different modes of ventilation on oxygenation and ventilation in anaesthetized infants. Methods. In a randomised study, transcutaneously measured PO2 (tcPO2) and PCO2 (tcPCO2) tensions were continuously registered in 42 ASA class I and II infants between 3 and 24 weeks of age undergoing minor surgical procedures (inguinal hernia repair). Two breathing systems combined with different modes of ventilation were evaluated: manual ventilation with Kuhn's T-piece system and face mask (group A; n=11) or endotracheal tube (group B; n=10); manual ventilation with paediatric circuit system and face mask (group C; n=11); and mechanical ventilation with paediatric circle system, endotracheal tube, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 3 cm H2O (group D; n=10). Transcutaneous values were measured by a combined tcPO2/PCO2 electrode (E 5277, Radiometer). Anaesthesia was maintained by controlled ventilation with N2O/O2 (67%/33%) and halothane 0.5 – 1.5 vol.%. Surgical and anaesthetic techniques were standardized and the anaesthetist was blinded to the measured values. Results. Preoperative mean tcPO2 values while spontaneously breathing air ranged between 69 and 75 mm Hg in all patients. During anaesthesia and controlled ventilation (FiO2=0.33), there was a significant increase in tcPO2 (P〈0.01) in 3 groups: in groups A and D mean tcPO2 increased to 90 – 100 mm Hg and in group C to 110 – 120 mm Hg. In contrast, tcPO2 in group B reached only 75 – 80 mm Hg, which was not considered significant. Postoperatively, tcPO2 immediately reached baseline values in all patients (Fig. 2). Compared to preoperative values, the alveolar-tcPO2 difference (AtcDO2) significantly increased during anaesthesia in all groups (Fig. 3). The tcPCO2 measurements revealed marked alveolar dysventilation, with hyperventilation supervening in groups A, B, and D; in group C, however, most (7 of 11) infants were normoventilated (Fig. 4). Conclusions. Adverse effects of anaesthesia on pulmonary function in infants are caused by loss of the PEEP effect induced by the physiological subglottic stenosis. Endotracheal intubation and the increase in chest wall compliance during anaesthesia lead to a decrease in functional residual capacity (FRC) associated with premature airway closure and ventilation/perfusion mismatch. These pathophysiological disturbances result in a marked increase in AaDO2 and low arterial PO2 values despite high FiO2, as could be observed when intubated infants had been ventilated with a high-flow T-piece system (group B). Mechanical ventilation with a paediatric circuit system and endotracheal tube allows the use of low PEEP levels (group D), which may replace the lost subglottic function and partially restore the FRC. Ventilation by mask does not disturb the functional subglottic stenosis, and the impairment of pulmonary function will depend solely on the decrease in FRC caused by increased chest wall compliance (group A). If mask ventilation is combined with a paediatric circuit system (group C), the pressure relief valve produces a low PEEP of 2 to 3 cm H2O, which may partially counteract the decrease in FRC. With regard to oxygenation, the paediatric circle system proved to be superior to the high-flow T-piece system independent of whether children were ventilated via a face mask or an endotracheal tube. The group-specific differences in degree of dysventilation with manual ventilation show that the type of breathing system is important with regard to the size of the tidal volume delivered. Thus, tidal volumes will be unintentionally increased by the high fresh gas flow needed when a T-piece system is used. The lower flow and preadjusted pressure limit may prevent the delivery of excessive tidal volumes with the paediatric circuit system. The high incidence of dysventilation with mechanically controlled ventilation might be caused by the limited applicability of ventilation nomograms during anaesthesia for this age group.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. In einer randomisierten Studie wurden bei 42 Säuglingen im Alter von 3 – 24 Wochen die transkutanen PO2(tcPO2)- und PCO2(tcPCO2)-Werte während kurzer operativer Eingriffe kontinuierlich registriert, wobei unterschiedliche Narkosebeatmungsverfahren zum Einsatz kamen: KUHN-System mit Maske (Gruppe A; n=11), KUHN-System mit Endotrachealtubus (Gruppe B; n=10), Kinderkreissystem mit Maske (Gruppe C; n=11); Kinderkreissystem mit Respirator (Gruppe D; n=10). Es wurde eine Inhalationsanästhesie mit 0,5 – 1,5 Vol% Halothan in N2O/O2 (67/33%) durchgeführt und kontrolliert beatmet. Narkoseverfahren und Rahmenbedingungen waren standardisiert und der ausführende Anästhesist konnte die Meßwerte nicht einsehen. Präoperativ lag der tcPO2 bei Raumluftatmung in allen Gruppen zwischen 69 – 75 mm Hg. Während Narkosebeatmung kam es in den Gruppen A, C und D zu einem signifikanten (p〈0,01) Anstieg des tcPO2 auf 90 bis 120 mm Hg, in Gruppe B ergab sich eine nur geringe, nicht signifikante Zunahme auf 75 – 80 mm Hg. Nach Narkoseende wurden in allen Gruppen wieder die Ausgangswerte erreicht. Allgemein kam es zu einer signifikanten Zunahme der alveolotranskutanen Sauerstoffdruckdifferenz (AtcDO2) während Anästhesie. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Art des Narkosebeatmungsverfahrens die Oxygenierung unterschiedlich beeinflußt, wobei das Kinderkreissystem dem Spülgassystem überlegen ist. Die tcPCO2-Messung erbrachte eine erhebliche alveoläre Dysventilation, wobei die Hyperventilation überwog. Die gruppenspezifischen Unterschiede im Grad der Dysventilation weisen darauf hin, daß die Art des Narkosesystems eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Generierung des Atemhubvolumens spielt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 93 (1978), S. 473-475 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The use of stereo pairs of freeze-etch replicas significantly contributes to the interpretation of spatial relationships of structures within fungal spores. However, great care must be taken to assure proper orientation of prints before publication in order to prevent pseudoscopic illusions (an optical illusion which produces an apparent reversal of surface elevations and depressions). AsHarold C. Conklin [2] pointed out in his letter to Science, this phenomenon is an ever present concern for users of vertical imagery. The sensation of seeing depth in two dimensional photographs is an illusion. The goal is to create the proper illusion. In order to convey the desired information to the reader it is essential that surface photographs be oriented as if the illumination were coming mostly from the top of the page and the shadows were projected toward the bottom of the page. Examples of neglecting this simple rule may be found in publications ranging from news magazines [5] to prestigeous scientific journals [3, 4]. Articles occasionally contain photographs which are rotated 180 degrees from the proper orientation and thus convex surfaces are displayed as concave surfaces and vice versa. In stereo pairs of electron micrographs of freeze-etch replicas pseudoscopic illusions are also caused by transposing the right hand micrograph with the left hand micrograph. When viewed in the proper orientation the various organelle spatial relationships and membrane surfaces, and other structures, are clearly discernable and easily understood. However when the same micrographs are transposed from left to right, entirely erroneous concepts are conveyed. For example protoplasmic surfaces appear as exoplasmic surfaces [1]. An organelle whose image is actually present will vanish leaving behind only its imprint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Mating ; Sporidia ; Tilletia ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat bunt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Primary sporidia ofTilletia caries (DC.) Tul. are borne on denticles at the tips of promycelia. The promycelia contain many small vacuoles and mitochondria and numerous lipid bodies. As the primary sporidia develop, the promycelial cytoplasm passes into the nascent cells. Septa develop between the bases of mature sporidia and the tips of the denticles. Sporidia that abscise from the denticles commonly have prominent birth scars at their bases. The sporidia have very thin walls, few vacuoles, attenuated mitochondria, and numerous lipid bodies. Conjugation pegs are generally produced by both members of a conjugating pair of sporidia and there are bud scars where they emerge from the sporidia. The sporidial walls are apparently hydrolyzed during emergence of the pegs. Vesicles are sometimes present at the tips of the conjugation pegs and, before fusion, electron-dense accumulations are sometimes observed between the tips of adjacent pegs. The approaching conjugation pegs are precisely aligned prior to fusion, suggesting polar communication. The walls of the conjugation pegs fuse and then are hydrolyzed. Fused sporidia are relatively homogeneous in content. The nucleus in a sporidum is often close to the conjugation tube and occasionally is partly within the fusion tube.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 93 (1977), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simple method, involving selective Triton X-100 membrane solubilization, has been developed for the isolation of nuclei from barley and tobacco protoplasts which gives a high yield of essentially pure nuclei. The isolated nuclei resembled those in leaf cells and protoplasts when the isolated nuclei were fixed for short times (2 hours, Medium II), except that their chromatin appeared to be more highly condensed and barley nuclei also lacked the outer nuclear membrane. When longer times of fixation (12 hours, Medium I) were used, the isolated nuclei lacked the characteristic condensed chromatin appearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An intakten Hunden wurde der Einfluß einer isolierten metabolischen Azidose (HCl-Infusion, n=12) auf die Myokarddurchblutung mit den Koronarwirkungen einer durch Hyperkapnie induzierten Azidose (Beatmung mit 5% CO2, n=5) unter den Bedingungen einer Allgemeinnarkose verglichen. Eine metabolische Azidose führte (bei normalen arteriellen Kohlensäuredrucken) unterhalb eines pH-Wertes von 7,2 zu einer Steigerung der Koronardurchblutung, zu einer Abnahme des Koronarwiderstandes und der arterio-koronarvenösen Sauerstoffgehaltsdifferenz, d. h., zu einer primären Koronardilatation bei gleichbleibendem myokardialem Sauerstoffverbrauch. Da sich dieser Effekt bei Tieren, die mit Propranolol vorbehandelt waren, nicht nachweisen ließ, ist anzunehmen, daß eine β-Stimulation unter den gegebenen Versuchsbedingungen mittelbar oder unmittelbar wesentlichen Anteil an den Koronarwirkungen einer metabolischen Azidose hat. Unter den Bedingungen einer Hyperkapnie wurde ebenfalls eine Koronardilatation beobachtet, diese war jedoch deutlich stärker ausgeprägt als bei gleich großer Säuerung mit HCl und ließ sich durch Vorbehandlung mit Propranolol nicht blockieren. Diese Befunde lassen den Schluß zu, daß die koronardilatierende Wirkung hoher arterieller Kohlensäuredrücke nicht auf eine β-adrenerge Stimulation zurückzuführen ist und unabhängig von der begleitenden Zunahme der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration auftritt. Der Wirkungsort wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The effect of metabolic and hypercapnic acidosis on myocardial blood flow was studied during intravenous infusions of hydrochloric acid solutions (n=12) and during passive ventilation with 5% CO2 (n=5) in anaesthetized, closed chest dogs. Below a pH of 7.2 metabolic acidosis at normal arterial CO2-tensions caused an increase of coronary blood flow and a decrease of coronary vascular resistance associated with a narrowed myocardial arteriovenous O2-difference, indicating vasodilation at unchanged myocardial oxygen consumption. In propranolol-pretreated dogs myocardial blood flow and coronary oxygen AV difference remained unaffected, suggesting that the coronary dilatory effect of metabolic acidemia involves beta adrenergic stimulation. Coronary vasodilation induced by increasing arterial pCO2 was found to the significantly greater as compared with the dilatory effect of metabolic acidosis at the same blood pH level. Blocking of beta receptors did not reduce the coronary response to increased arterial CO2-tensions. It is concluded that the coronary vasodilation observed during hypercapnic acidosis is neither mediated by a beta adrenergic stimulation nor dependent of the concomitant change in blood pH. The possible sites of the coronary dilatory actions of increased arterial CO2-tensions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of anaesthetic agents and propranolol pretreatment on the adequacy of cardiovascular adjustment to progressive normovolaemic hemodilution and to the combination of anaemia and blood loss was studied in a total of 18 dogs which were divided into 3 groups of 6 dogs each. One group received neuroleptanalgesia, the second group was anaesthetized with halothane (1%), group three received halothane (1%) and was pretreated with propranolol (0.5 mg/kg). Acute isovolaemic anaemia was produced by a stepwise exchange of blood with 6% dextran. The total exchange volume was 70 ml/kg which was associated with a decrease of mean hematocrit values from about 45% to 16%. Cardiac output rose continuously with progressive hemodilution, the maximum percentage increases were 39% in the neuroleptanalgesia-group, 59% in the halothane-group and in the animals with halothane anaesthesia and propranolol pretreatment. These changes were due to increases in both heart rate and stroke volume, the greatest percent rise in stroke index (36%) and the least change in heart rate (+18%) being observed in the propranolol-treated dogs. Apart from a small overshoot of the systemic oxygen availability during the initial stages of exchange transfusion in the neuroleptanalgesia- and halothane-group, the reduced arterial oxygen content was not compensated by the increase in cardiac output. Consequently, there was a continuous reduction of the systemic oxygen transport capacity with a maximum decrease of about 40% in either group. Systemic oxygen uptake was maintained over a wide range of hematocrits by an increased extraction of oxygen from blood. Mean arterial pressure essentially remained unaffected in each of the groups, the changes in total peripheral resistance were inverse to that of cardiac output and showed little differences between the three groups in response to exchange transfusions. Left ventricular dP/dt values, left ventricular volumes and ejection fractions indicated an improved ventricular performance and a participation of the Frank-Starling mechanism in the response of the heart to isovolaemic hemodilution. The combination of hemodilution and limited blood loss (15 ml/kg) led to a significant reduction in arterial pressure and cardiac output, but all dogs tolerated this amount of hemorrhage and there was no indication of critical impairment of cardiac performance in any of the 3 groups. No major changes of the acid-base status were observed throughout the study. Thus, the adjustment of the normal cardiovascular system to acute normo- and hypovolaemic hemodilution appeared to be largely independent of the type of anaesthesia and of the presence or absence of betareceptor blockade.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adequacy of myocardial oxygen supply was studied during acute progressive isovolaemic hemodilution and during the combination of anaemia and blood loss under three different anaesthetic conditions: neuroleptanalgesia (6 dogs), halothane anaesthesia (1%, 6 dogs) and halothane anaesthesia (1%) plus propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) pretreatment (6 dogs). Acute isovolaemic anaemia was produced by a stepwise exchange of blood with 6% dextran leading to a decrease of the mean hematocrit values from about 45% to about 16%. Myocardial blood flow increased by 224% in the neuroleptanalgesia-group, by 179% in the halothane-group and by 143% in the halothane plus propranolol-group. The changes in MBF were accompanied by a corresponding fall in coronary vascular resistance. Coronary sinus oxygen saturations slightly decreased but remained within the physiological range in each of the three groups. Left ventricular oxygen consumption continuously rose in the dogs with neuroleptanalgesia, the maximum increase was 32%. Only small changes of the myocardial O2-consumption were observed in the halothane-group during moderate degrees of anaemia. LV $$\dot VO_2 $$ in this group significantly increased only when the hematocrit was 20% or less. No significant changes of the left ventricular oxygen consumption occurred in the animals which had received halothane anaesthesia and were pretreated with propranolol. Myocardial lactate extraction decreased but never reached critically low values. The coronary dilatory capacity was shown not to be exhausted under any anaesthetic condition. About 30–40% of this capacity remained at hematocrit values between 10 and 15%. The combination of hemodilution and limited blood loss (15 ml/kg) led to a significant fall in myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption, coronary vascular resistance tended to increase. Coronary sinus oxygen saturation and myocardial lactate extraction changed little in response to the combination of hemodilution and blood loss, indicating that aerobic metabolism was maintained under any anaesthetic condition used in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 32 (1979), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The initial decay time of the spectrum and the integrated intensity of depolarized light scattered from a system of interacting spherical and optically isotropic colloidal particles as a function of scattering angle is calculated in the double scattering approximation. These quantities can be reduced in the short-time regime to the static structure factor of single scattering, as observed in polarized scattering for systems of intermediate concentrations of colloidal particles. The results are applied to charged polysterene spheres in solutions and it is shown by numerical calculations that the presence of interactions can modify the angular dependence of initial decay time and integrated intensity considerably.
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