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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 788-792 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Sodium ; Calcium ; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) ; Hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The widely accepted recommendation that hypertensive subjects benefit from a reduction of sodium intake has lately been challenged by a number of publications. From one analysis of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the USA, the conclusion was reached that hypertension was associated more frequently with low nutritional sodium intake and low calcium intake. Other authors analysing the same data but using different criteria and statistical methods did not confirm such conclusions. The criticisms of epidemiological data concerning the relationship between salt intake and hypertension include frequently inconsistent definition of hypertension, failure to consider methodological uncertainties in the measurement of salt intake and excretion and inadequate control of confounding variables such as age, race, sex, body mass index and lifestyle. The claimed link between nutritional calcium and blood pressure is completely unclear and needs careful investigation. A reduction of sodium intake from the present day excessive amounts to moderate intakes of 3–6 g per day is still recommended in order to prevent the establishment of high blood pressure, to reduce hypertensive blood pressure levels or to reduce the doses of antihypertensive drugs. With mild hypertension being the main problem of high blood pressure management, further research is necessary to place dietary intervention in the non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension on a firmer, more rational footing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 184 (1984), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Endogenous opioid peptides ; β-Endorphin ; Enkephalins ; Naloxone ; Hemorrhagic hypotension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen anesthetized foxhounds were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements. The adrenolumbar vein was cannulated, and hemorrhagic hypotension (MAP=40 mmHg for 3 h) was induced by bleeding. The plasma levels ofβ-endorphin (β-END), methionine-enkephalin (M-ENK), and leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK) were determined in systemic and adrenal venous blood by specific RIA. Five dogs received an i.v. bolus of naloxone (2 mg/kg) and a subsequent naloxone infusion of 2 mg/kg per hour 1 h after onset of hypovolemia. Eleven dogs served as controls and received equivalent volumes (1 ml/kg per hour) of saline. Hemorrhage resulted in a sharp increase in plasma concentrations of all measured opioid peptides, particularly of M-ENK (26-fold) and L-ENK (24-fold) in the adrenal effluent. Systemicβ-END levels remained 3-fold increased, whereas the ENK release decreased spontaneously. Naloxone treatment inhibited the spontaneous fall of adrenal ENK release during the hypotensive phase; the ENK values remained elevated 20- to 35-fold. Reinfusion of the autologous blood resulted in a normalization of the concentrations of all peptides in both groups. These data demonstrate that hemorrhagic hypotension will cause stimulation of release of endogenous opioid peptides. The high levels of ENK in the adrenal effluent indicate that the adrenal gland is the main source of these peptides in the circulation. In addition toβ-END, the ENK have therefore to be considered as possible factors perpetuating circulatory shock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 314 (1985), S. 264-266 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The rat synthetic peptides used here were the 21-amino acid atriopeptin I (AP I), the 23-amino acid atriopeptin II (APII) and the 24-amino acid atriopeptin III (APIII)8. To obtain antibodies, New Zealand White rabbits were injected with AP II coupled to bovine thyroglobulin. AP III, which ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 15 (1984), S. 111-118 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) of the stroke prone strain (Okamoto) and in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) urinary kallikrein excretion was investigated at different age and at drug-induced diuresis. In rats of both strains from 7th till 19th week of age urinary kallikrein excretion increased with age. In SHRSP of 7th till 11th week of age kallikrein excretion was higher than in WKY rats, while it was lower in the 48-week-old SHRSP. No correlation was found between urinary kallikrein excretion and systolic blood pressure. In SHRSP and WKY rats a similar daily rhythm of kallikrein excretion in urine was found being high in the early morning and low in the afternoon. Kallikrein excretion correlated significantly with urine volume. The loop diuretic bumetanide (4 and 40 mg/kg) induced diuresis and natriuresis in both strains, however more marked in the WKY rats than in the SHRSP. Urinary kallikrein excretion, however, showed in both strains the same biphasic course with a short lasting increase and a secondary decrease. Thus, in the average urinary kallikrein excretion was not effected by the drug. Prolonged treatment with furosemide over 5 days (125 mg/kg) resulted in an increase in kallikrein excretion in urine, more pronounced in the WKY rats than in the SHRSP. The observed results suggest that renal kallikrein-kinin system is not involved in the development of spontaneous hypertension as a pathogenetic factor, but rather is influenced by other factors like hormone interactions, i.e. mineralocorticoids and catecholamines, as well as renal function and acute changes in urine flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 36 (1980), S. 452-454 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of angiotensin II and of the competitive angiotensin II receptor antagonist saralasin on in vivo tumor growth were investigated in hamsters. Angiotensin II strongly inhibited tumor growth while saralasin stimulated it, though the high dose used had partial agonistic angiotensin II-like actions. Lower doses of saralasin were without significant effect on tumor weights.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II in anesthetized rhesus monkeys increase systemic blood pressure and heart rate. These effects are accompanied by an increase in plasma ADH, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Angiotensin II may participate in central mechanisms of blood pressure regulation by its stimulatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system, on ADH and on ACTH release in primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 75 (1982), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody against pure rabbit lung converting enzyme (CE) showing cross-reaction with CE from other species was used for immunocytochemical studies in the kidney of rats. Using the indirect labelling PAP-technique, specific immunostaining was found in the endothelial layer of all arteries and arterioles of kidney cortex and in some descending vasa recta. CE-positive reactions were also seen in most glomeruli, the reaction product being confined to only a few capillary loops in connection with the glomerular stalk. A few immunstained capillaries in the cortical labyrinth were suspected to belong to the first ramifications of the efferent arteriole. The bulk of all other of the glomerular and peritubula capillaries as well as all veins of the kidney showed no obvious immunostaining. The functional significance of this specific localization pattern of CE in the endothelium of kidney vessels is discussed with respect to the actions of the systemic and the local, intrarenal reninangiotensin-system on kidney functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of renin and angiotensin II (ANG II) in juxtaglomerular epitheloid cells of control and adrenalectomized rats was studied, using specific antisera and the protein A-gold technique in Lowicryl- and glycol methacrylate-embedded tissue. The matrix of virtually all mature secretory granules of epitheloid cells contains not only renin, but also ANG II. On adrenalectomy, the concentration of both renin and ANG II in the granule internum increases markedly, as indicated by the density of the immunolabel. Given the coexistence of renin and ANG II in the granule matrix, it is quite probable that, with each secretory event, a certain amount of ANG II is released together with renin. Further experiments will have to show if this amount of ANG II cosecreted with renin is sufficient to elicit immediate local intrarenal actions. ANG I, as well as angiotensinogen and converting enzyme, were not found in epitheloid cells. It is therefore inferred that ANG II is not generated intracellularly, but within the extracellular space and subsequently taken up by pinocytosis and incorporated into the secretory granules of epitheloid cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 78 (1983), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Angiotensin II (ANG II) was localized immunocytochemically in kidney and various other organs of the chinese hamster. In the kidney ANG II-like activity was found in the epitheloid cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus as well as in the media i.e. the smooth muscle cells of arcuate and interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles. ANG II-like activity was also observed in the medial muscle cells of resistance vessels in other organs and tissues such as submandibular gland and brown adipose tissue. The site of synthesis of ANG II needs to be investigated but the data point to the possibility of an intracellular function of ANG II in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 338 (1988), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Angiotensinogen gene expression ; Solution hybridization ; pSPT18 Riboprobe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Angiotensin II has numerous biological effects in a hitherto unsuspected variety of tissues. The generation of angiotensin in tissue requires the local presence of its high molecular weight precursor angiotensinogen and is best tested by investigating angiotensinogen gene expression. A quantitative solution hybridization assay for rapid and sensitive measurement of angiotensinogen mRNA was therefore established to study the extrahepatic expression of the angiotensinogen gene. We used a 714 bases BamHI angiotensinogen cDNA fragment cloned into vector pSPT18 and developed a sensitive and rapid assay with a detection limit of 0.5 pg RNA. Quantification of angiotensinogen mRNA from male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the following tissue levels (n = 10 for all tissues, except pituitary where n = 5), was expressed as fg mRNA per jig total RNA, in descending order: liver (9950), hypothalamus (6050), midbrain (4450), brainstem (3950), total brain (2325), aorta (625), kidney (338), adrenal gland (170), and heart atrium (140). The high sensitivity of the assay in addition also allowed for the first time measurement of angiotensinogen mRNA in the low gene expression tissues pituitary (70), heart ventricle (30), and testis (30). This assay will allow detailed studies on the regulation of tissue angiotensinogen and the pathophysiological role of the tissue renin angiotensin systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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