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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 32-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; potentiation of hypoglycemic action ; phenylbutazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Metabolically healthy subjects were given an intravenous injection of 1,13 mg14C-labelled glibenclamide (HB 419). The plasma level, renal elimination of the radioactivity and metabolism of the substance were investigated. Two minutes after administration the HB 419 is virtually present only in the blood and at the end of the distribution period mostly in the extracellular space. 53% of the radioactivity is excreted via the kidneys in the form of metabolites. If glibenclamide is administrated in the same way to the same subjects after pretreatment with phenylbutazone there are no differences in the course of the plasma levels or the rate of elimination from the blood. There is, however, a significant difference in the excretion of the radioactivity in the urine. In the presence of phenylbutazone significantly less HB 419 metabolite is excreted renally. In view of the known alternative route of elimination it is suggested that the amount not excreted in the urine is in compensation eliminated via the bile. There was no difference in the metabolism of glibenclamide between the control and phenylbutazone treated groups. The potentiation by phenylbutazone of HB 419 action, and probably also that of other antidiabetic sulphonylureas, must therefore be due predominantly to other causes (Communication III).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselgesunde Versuchspersonen erhielten14C-markiertes Glibenclamid in einer Dosis von 1.13 mg/Vpn i.v. gespritzt. Plasmaspiegelverläufe, renale Elimination der Radioaktivität und die Metabolisierung der Substanz wurden untersucht. Zwei Minuten nach der Applikation ist HB 419 praktisch nur im Blutund nach Abschluß der Verteilung weitgehend im Extracellulärraum vorhanden. 53% der Radioaktivität werden über die Nieren in Form von Metaboliten ausgeschieden. Wird den gleichen Probanden nach Prämedikation mit Phenylbutazon Glibenclamid in gleicher Weise verabfolgt, ergibt sich kein Unterschied hinsichtlich der Plasmaspiegelverläufe und der Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit aus dem Blut. Ein signifikanter Unterschied besteht jedoch in der Ausscheidung der Radioaktivität in den Harn (26.3%). In Gegenwart von Phenylbutazon wird ein signifikant geringerer Anteil von HB 419-Metaboliten renal eliminiert. Aufgrund des bekannten zweiten Ausscheidungsweges wird vermutet, daß der fehlende Anteil kompensatorisch über die Galle eliminiert wird. Die Metabolisierung von Glibenclamid weist keine Differenzen zwischen Phenylbutazon-und Kontroll-Gruppe auf. Die Wirkungspotenzierung von HB 419 — wahrscheinlich auch diejenige anderer antidiabetisch wirksamer Sulfonylharnstoffe — durch Phenylbutazon dürfte demnach überweigend andere Ursachen haben. (Mitteilung III).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 279 (1973), S. 211-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cardiac Glycosides ; Brain ; Behaviour ; Distribution ; Protein Binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats and mice were injected with 3H-labelled β-methyldigoxin, digoxin or digitoxin i.p. Four hours later, the concentrations of radioactivity were measured in the plasma and in skeletal muscle or in the brain. Protein binding in the plasma was determined and the concentration of radioactivity in the plasma water was calculated. By dividing the injected dose or the concentration in the tissue by that in the plasma water, distribution coefficients (DCs) were calculated for the whole body, skeletal muscle and brain. Some extra-cardiac effects of the three glycosides were quantified and the concentrations that may be expected in plasma water, skeletal muscle and brain after the administration of equiactive doses were calculated. 1. The DC of the injected dose was lower for β-methyl-digoxin than for digoxin and digitoxin. This difference cannot be explained by a slow elimination of β-methyl-digoxin suggesting that it has a low distribution volume in these species. 2. In rats, the DC between skeletal muscle and plasma water decreased in the order digitoxin 〉 digoxin ≫ β-methyl-digoxin. 3. In mice and rats, the DC between brain and plasma water decreased in the order digitoxin ≫ β-methyl-digoxin 〉 digoxin. 4. Protein binding decreased in the order digitoxin ≫ digoxin 〉 β-methyldigoxin. 5. In rats, the doses producing an equal increase in potassium excretion decreased in the order digitoxin 〉 digoxin 〉 β-methyl-digoxin. On the other hand, the concentrations of radioactivity in the plasma water correlated with these doses decreased in the order β-methyl-digoxin 〉 digitoxin ≫ digoxin. There was no significant difference between the intracellular concentrations of digoxin and β-methyl-digoxin in skeletal muscle. 6. In mice, there was no clear correlation between inhibition of spontaneous motility or righting reflexes on the rotating rod and the concentrations of radioactivity in the plasma water or in the brain. β-Methyl-digoxin is moee lipophilic than digoxin but it penetrates less into skeletal muscle. It is as lipophilic as digitoxin, but it penetrates less into the brain of rats and mice. This shows that penetration of the cell membrane by cardiac glycosides does not solely depend on lipid solubility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 272 (1972), S. 458-458 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 286 (1974), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cats ; Cardiac Glycosides ; Inotropic Action ; Distribution ; Protein Binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tissue distribution and the positive inotropic effect of α- and β-methyl-digoxin, digoxin, and digitoxin were investigated in cats under pentobarbital anaesthesia, the emetic effect of β-methyl-digoxin and digoxin in unanaesthetized animals. 1. The distribution volume calculated by dividing the injected dose by the concentration in the plasma water after 60 min decreased in the order digitoxin 〉 β-methyl-digoxin ≥ α-methyl-digoxin 〉 digoxin. 2. The distribution coefficients between tissue and plasma water decreased for all glycosides in the order kidney 〉 liver 〉 heart 〉 diaphragm 〉 erythrocytes 〉 perirenal fat 〉 brain. 3. α-Methyl-digoxin and digoxin were metabolized to a larger extent than were β-methyl-digoxin and digitoxin. 4. 200 nmoles/kg digoxin produced arrhythmias, whereas equimolar doses of the other glycosides were well tolerated. 5. Except for α-methyl-digoxin, there was a close relation between the increase in dp/dt max and the concentration in the plasma water 60 min after the injection. The differences in the equieffective doses of β-methyl-digoxin, digoxin, and digitoxin can therefore be explained by the differences in tissue distribution. 6. Although higher concentrations of β-methyl-digoxin than of digoxin were found in the brain, there was no difference in the central activity of the two glycosides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 31 (1943), S. 233-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 249 (1970), S. 100-105 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die spektrometrische Analyse von weiß erstarrtem Roheisen (auf C, Si, Mn, P, S, Cu) ist mit der gleichen Anregung und in der gleichen Funkzeit wie diejenige von Stahl möglich. Eine spezielle Kalibriertechnik mit Stahlproben garantiert ein ausreichend reproduzierbares und richtiges Resultat in relativ kurzer Zeit (20 sec).
    Notes: Abstract The conditions of pig iron analysis by using a direct reading spectrometer for routine determination of C, Si, Mn, P, S and Cu, the influence of sampling and a new calibration technique of the instrument are described. The whole time needed for complete spectrometrical analysis is about 20 sec.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 257 (1971), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Probenstruktur und der unterschiedlichen Phasen in der Oberfläche von Eisen- und Stahlproben auf das emissionsspektrometrische Ergebnis wurden unter Verwendung einer Bornitrid-Blende und bei konstanten Verfahrensbedingungen untersucht. Aus diesen Untersuchungen läßt sich folgern, daß es beim Vorliegen nichtoptischer Interelementeffekte notwendig ist, die Auswertung der Meßergebnisse zum Endresultat über Grundeichkurven vorzunehmen und eine schrittweise Regression auf diese durchzuführen.
    Notes: Abstract By using a blind of boron nitride and constancy conditions of spectrometric analysis the influence of the structure and different phases in the surface of iron and steel samples on spectrometric results are examined. This investigation of not-optical interelement effects comes to the conclusion, that it will be necessary to get the full result from basic calibration curves in combination with stepwise regression calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 120 (1943), S. 86-102 
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird, gestützt auf einige Beobachtungsergebnisse, angenommen, daß der Übergang in den Supraleitzustand als Analogon zu einem Kristallisationsvorgang aufgefaßt werden kann, daß also die Bildung der Supraleitphase zuerst in keimartigen Gebilden erfolgt, die schon oberhalb des Sprungpunktes vorhanden sind und die beim Sprungpunkt spontan zu wachsen beginnen. Erfolgt dieses Wachstum im Magnetfeld, so ergibt sich aus ganz elementaren Überlegungen der Meissner-Ochsenfeld-Effekt. Die Frage, ob die Keime des Supraleitzustandes auch eine Rolle in der Normalleitung spielen könnten, führt zu einer Umgestaltung des Bildes vom Leitungsmechanismus, die, unter Aufrechterhaltung des Formelapparates der Elektronentheorie, die Normalleitung sozusagen als gestörte Supraleitung erscheinen läßt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 250 (1970), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Verbesserung der Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse der emissionsspektrometrischen Analyse bei Fertigproduktproben aus Roheisen und Stahl, sowie gewalztem Stahl oder Blech kann mit Hilfe des Mehrfleckanfunkens in Kombination mit einer beschriebenen Kalibriertechnik unter Festlegung der Eichkurve im Koordinatensprung und dem Anfunken durch eine Bornitrid-Blende bewirkt werden. Durch eine geringe Änderung im Meßkreis des verwendeten Spektrometers kann erreicht werden, daß die Meßkondensatoren nicht nach jedem Anfunkprozeß entladen werden und die bei wiederholtem Anfunken resultierenden Spannungen zusätzlich auf diesen integriert werden können. Vier verschiedene Anfunkungen in dieser Weise mit je 5 sec Integration ergeben eine bessere Reproduzierbarkeit und Richtigkeit gegenüber der gebräuchlichen einmaligen Anfunkung mit 20 sec Integration. Mit Hilfe dieser Methodik ist auch die schnelle spektrometrische Analyse von gewalztem Stahl mit nicht erfaßbarer Seigerung möglich. Die Ergebnisse an Spanpreßlingen werden ebenfalls verbessert.
    Notes: Abstract An increase of precision in emission-spectrometric analysis of samples from finished pig iron and steel charges or rolled steel and sheet-iron is effected by a combination of the method of more-spot sparking, the described technique of calibration with electronic fixation of zero of the calibration curves and sparking through a bornitride disc. By making a simple change in the switch in the measuring circuit of the spectrometer in application, it can be effected that after a single spark the recording by the measuring condensers does not get discharged when the next sparking process takes place. On account of this the intensities of the various successive sparks add together and then integrate on the charged condensers. Thus when sparked each 5 sec for four times it accounts to a considerable increase in the precision and accuracy when compared with the usual method to spark for 20 sec only once. Due to the appearance of a insignificant amount of segregation in rolled steel the application of emission-spectrometry to its analysis is possible and better results are obtained from sparking briquetted chips.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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