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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 20 (1973), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Rabbits were immunized with chromomembrin B, i.e. a membrane protein isolated from chromaffin granules of bovine adrenal medulla. When the rabbit sera were tested by immunodiffusion in the presence of various detergents, only negative results were obtained, whereas with complement fixation antibodies could be demonstrated. With this method the subcellular distribution of chromomembrin B in bovine adrenal medulla was determined. The results demonstrate that this protein is specifically localized in the membranes of chromaffin granules. In the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions it is present only in small amounts which are attributable to a contamination of these fractions with chromaffin granules. The subcellular distribution of chromomembrin R in bovine splenic nerves indicates that this antigen is also found in the membranes of noradrenalinestoring vesicles of sympathetic nerve. Chromomembrin B or a related antigen was detected in chromaffin grades isolated from pig and rat adrenal and in those isolated from a human phaeochromocytoma. It is also present in total membranes obtained from posterior and anterior hypophysis, but it is absent from membranes isolated from parotid gland, liver and adrenal cortex. This paper illustrates how a membrane protein which requires detergents for its solubilization can be characterized and measured by immunological methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die subzelluläre Verteilung zweier Esterasen in neutrophilen Granulozyten von Patienten mit chronischer Myelose bestimmt. Eine der beiden Esterasen hydrolysierte den N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosinäthylester, der ein typisches Substrat für Chymotrypsin ist, die andere hydrolysierte Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat, das in der Zytochemie zur Darstellung von Esteraseaktivitäten verwendet wird. Beide Esteraseaktivitäten konnten in der Granulafraktion lokalisiert werden, das pH-Optimum ihrer Aktivität liegt bei pH 7,4. 59% der gesamten Granulaproteine konnten in 0,15M NaCl (pH 7,0) gelöst werden. Die löslichen Granulaproteine enthielten 73% der Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat-Esteraseaktivität, jedoch nur 17% der Esteraseaktivität gegenüber dem N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosinäthylester. Die Acrylamid-Gelelektrophorese bei pH 4,3 zeigte mehrere Banden mit Esteraseaktivität gegenüber Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat. Zum Vergleich des Proteinmusters des löslichen Lysats mit dem des unlöslichen Rückstands der Granulafraktion wurde nach dem Lösen der Proteine in einer Mischung aus Phenol, Eisessig und Harnstoff eine weitere Acrylamid-Gelelektrophorese durchgeführt. Die Hydrolyse des Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetats durch die Granulafraktion wurde mit der Spaltung des gleichen Substrats durch die Proteasen Chymotrypsin, Trypsin und Pankreatopeptidase E (Elastase) verglichen.
    Notes: Summary The subcellular distribution has been investigated of two esterases from human neutrophil granulocytes obtained from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. One esterase hydrolyzed the typical chymotrypsin substrate N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, the other hydrolyzed naphthol AS-D chloroacetate, a substance which is used in cytochemistry for the demonstration of esterase activity. Both enzymes could be recovered almost exclusively in the granule fraction and were optimally active at about pH 7.4. After lysis of the granules by hypoosmotic shock 73% of the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity could be dissolved in buffered 0.15M sodium chloride (pH 7.0) in contrast to only 17% of the N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl esterase activity. The soluble lysate contained 59% of the total granule protein. It was subjected to acrylamide-gel electrophoresis at acid pH and multiple bands of naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity were demonstrated on the gels. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the insoluble proteins and the soluble lysate of the granule fraction was carried out after dissolution of the proteins in phenol-acetic acid-urea and the resulting electrophoretic patterns were compared. Hydrolysis of naphthol AS-D chloroacetate by the granule fraction was compared to hydrolysis of the same substrate effected by the pure proteases chymotrypsin, trypsin, and pancreatopeptidase E.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lösliche Proteine einer Granulafraktion aus menschlichen Neutrophilen wurden einer Acrylamidgel-Elektrophorese (15% Acrylamidgel bei pH 4,3) unterwerfen. Verschiedene Proteinbanden zeigten eine hydrolytische Aktivität gegenü ber Naphthol-AS-D-Chloracetat bei pH 7,4. Die elektrophoretische Wanderung der Naphthol-AS-D-Chloracetat spaltenden Esterase ist ähnlich der von Trypsin, Chymotrypsin und Elastase.
    Notes: Summary Soluble proteins of a granule fraction derived from human neutrophils were subjected to electrophoresis on 15% acrylamide gels at pH 4.3 Several of the protein bands were shown to possess hydrolytic activity on naphthol AS-D chloroacetate at pH 7.4. Electrophoretic movement of NASDCA esterases is similar to those of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 271 (1971), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromogranin ; Catecholamines ; Synthesis ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. 3H-leucine and3H-tyrosine were added to the perfusion medium of isolated bovine adrenal glands in order to study the synthesis and secretion of radioactively labelled catecholamines and proteins. 2. Various times after the injection of the labelled amino acids the soluble proteins of the microsomal fraction were isolated and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in three different buffer systems. The distribution of protein-bound radioactivity within the gels was determined. Most of the label was found to be confined to proteins which behaved like the specific soluble proteins of chromaffin granules, i.e. the chromogranins. 3. Stimulation of the adrenal gland with carbachol induced a release of catechol-amines, protein, and protein-bound radioactivity. In the absence of Ca2+ the secretion of all these components was abolished. The highest specific radioactivity of the proteins secreted upon stimulation was reached 4 h after the injection of the labelled precursors. The labelled proteins, secreted upon stimulation, could be identified as chromogranins. 4. Carbachol induced the release of highly labelled catecholamines after the injection of3H-tyrosine. The highest specific radioactivity of these catecholamines was already observed at the first stimulation with carbachol i.e. 30 min after3H-tyrosine. 5. These results demonstrate that in isolated bovine adrenal glands radioactively labelled chromogranins and catecholamines can be synthesised and can be secreted upon stimulation with carbachol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 273 (1972), S. 43-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin Granules ; Synthesis ; Catecholamines ; Nucleotides ; Chromogranins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The subcellular distribution of newly synthesised catecholamines, nucleotides and proteins was investigated in bovine adrenal medulla. 3H-tyrosine, 3H-leucine and 32P-phosphate were used as radioactive precursors (“pulse label”). 2. Already 3 min after infusion of 3H-tyrosine the bulk of the labelled catecholamines was present in the “large granules” (mitochondria, lysosomes and chromaffin granules). In the fractions from the density gradient the distribution of the labelled and the total catecholamines was the same. Analogous results were obtained at longer time intervals. 3. 3 min after infusion of 32P-phosphate the labelled nucleotides present in the “large granules” were concentrated in the mitochondrial fraction. At longer time intervals after infusion of 32P-phosphate (45 min and 4h) chromaffin granules had accumulated a larger portion of the labelled nucleotides, mitochondria contained less. 4. After infusion of 45Ca2+, the isotope present in the large granules was found to be concentrated in the mitochondria and in chromaffin granules. 5. After infusion of 3H-leucine the soluble proteins of the adrenal medulla rapidly became labelled. 4 h after 3H-leucine newly synthesised proteins could be demonstrated in a particle which was present in the large granule fraction and which equilibrated in density gradients in a position corresponding to 1.6 M sucrose. This particle can be differentiated from mitochondria, microsomes, lysosomes and the bulk of the chromaffin granules. The labelled soluble proteins of this particle were identified as chromogranins. It seems likely that this particle represents a newly formed chromaffin granule which differs in its properties from the bulk of mature granules. The membrane proteins of this particle were not significantly labelled. 6. After infusion of 32P-phosphate the phospholipids of the adrenal medulla became labelled. The subcellular distribution of these phospholipids was similar to that of a microsomal marker enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. Lysoclecithin was not significantly labelled. 7. In the light of these results the subcellular events leading to the formation of complete chromaffin granules are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Epinephrine ; Norepinephrine ; Heart Rate ; Systolic Blood Pressure ; Diastolic Blood Pressure ; Urine Volume ; Performance Test ; Cold Application ; Pain Production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The urinary excretion of vasopressin, epinephrine and norepinephrine was studied in normal subjects before and during three stress situations, viz. a performance test (consisting of mental arithmetic, the Stroop colour-word test, delayed auditory feedback and hand steadiness), the application of cold and the production of ischaemic muscle pain. The heart frequency, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the urine volume were measured as well. During the performance test the vasopressin, epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion increased significantly. During the application of cold only norepinephrine excretion increased significantly. During the production of muscle pain the vasopressin and epinephrine excretion increased significantly, the norepinephrine excretion rose, but not significantly. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a significant increase during these three stress situations. The significant increase in heart rate was less pronounced during the cold and pain stress than during the performance stress. The urine volume was not significantly changed during the stress situations. These results were discussed in relation to the emotional arousal level during the performance test on one side and to the unpleasant but familiar conditions during the application of cold and the production of pain on the other side.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 270 (1971), S. 87-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adrenal Medulla ; Chromaffin Granules ; Sympathetic Nerve ; Membrane Protein ; Exocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rabbit antiserum was obtained against a protein isolated from membranes of bovine chromaffin granules. Immunohistochemical evidence indicates that this protein is present in the adrenal medullae of several species and in bovine sympathetic nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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