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  • Calcium  (5)
  • Acetylcholine  (3)
  • Autoradiography  (3)
  • Peptides  (3)
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Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 312 (1980), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Myenteric plexus ; Transmitter release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of tetanus and botulinum A toxin were studied on the electrically stimulated myenteric plexus-ileum strip of the guinea pig. The concentrations used were in the range of 104–106 mouse LD50/ml. 1. Tetanus and botulinu, A toxin slowly decrease the amplitude of the contractile response to field stimulation in a dose-dependent manner without influencing the sensitivity to acetylcholine of the smooth muscle. 2. Development of paralysis is preceded by a latent period. Washing and antitoxin slow the paralytic process only when applied during the latent period. 3. The time course of development of paralysis depends on the activity of the strip. It can be slowed by rest, high [Mg2+], or low [Ca2+], and accelerated by raising the stimulation frequency. 4. Substances like 4-aminopyridine, sea anemone toxin II and scorpion toxin which prolong the membrane depolarization restore temporarily the contraction of partially paralysed muscle strips. 5. Poisoned preparations do not differ from controls in their total acetylcholine contents, whereas formation as well as release of [3H]-acetylcholine are decreased by either toxin. It is concluded that a) tetanus toxin and botulinum A toxin are qualitatively indistinguishable with respect to their actions on the postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum, botulinum A toxin being 5 times more potent than tetanus toxin, b) the effects of the toxins at postganglionic cholinergic neurons in the ileum and at motor nerve endings are qualitatively similar, botulinum A toxin being about 500 times more potent than tetanus toxin at the latter preparation (see Habermann et al., 1980b, c) both toxins influence the turnover of acetylcholine but not its tissue concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 316 (1981), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus toxin ; Botulinum toxin ; Acetylcholine ; Calcium ; Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Slices or particles from rat forebrain cortex were preloaded with [3H]choline, and the release of [3H]acetylcholine was evoked with potassium ions in a superfusion system. Release depended on the presence of calcium. 1. Incubation of the preloaded tissue preparation for 2 h with tetanus or botulinum A toxin did not change the [3H]acetylcholine content or the ratio [3H]acetylcholine/[3H]choline. Tetanus toxin diminished, dependent on dose and time, the release of [3H]acetylcholine evoked by 25 mM K+. It was about ten times more potent than botulinum A toxin. The effect of botulinum toxin was due to its neurotoxin content. Raising the potassium concentration partially overcame the inhibition by the toxins. Hemicholinium-3, applied to preloaded slices, left the subsequent [3H]acetylcholine release unchanged. Pretreatment of particles with neuraminidase diminished the content of long-chain gangliosides to the detection limit. Such particles remained fully sensitive to tetanus toxin, and at least partially sensitive to botulinum A toxin. 2. The potassium or sea anemone toxin II stimulated uptake of 45Ca2+ into cortex synaptosomes or particles was not inhibited by either toxin. Both toxins appear to impede the Ca2+-dependent mobilization of an easily releasable acetylcholine pool, without inhibiting the transmembranal calcium fluxes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 323 (1983), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Palytoxin ; Erythrocyte ; Membrane ; Na+, K+-ATPase ; Calcium ; Ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Palytoxin increases the permeability of human erythrocytes and their resealed ghosts. To elucidate its mode of action the activation by ATP and Ca2+, the inhibition by ouabain, and the changes in permselectivity have been studied: 1. Depletion of cells from ATP considerably depresses their sensitivity towards palytoxin. Ouabain prevents the actions of the toxin, however, with different inhibition characteristics in normal and depleted cells. The concentration of palytoxin required to raise the K+ permeability is higher in ghosts than in erythrocytes. The sensitivity is restored by incorporating ATP which can be partially substituted by ADP and GTP but not by AMP, Pi, β-γ-methylene adenosine 5′-triphosphate or the chromium (III) complex of ATP. Ouabain inhibits the K+ release from resealed ghosts in the presence as well as absence of ATP. Ouabain also inhibits the palytoxin-triggered Na+ and choline efflux into Na+ medium, as well as the Na+, K+ and choline efflux into choline medium. Phosphate promotes the inhibitory action of ouabain. Incorporated vanadate or Mg2+ do not change the sensitivity of ghosts toward palytoxin. 2. External calcium down to 10 μM potentiates the action of palytoxin in ghosts resealed with or without ATP. In contrast to calcium ionophore A23187, palytoxin does not raise the influx of Ca2+. 3. Palytoxin triggers the formation of small pores in resealed ghosts. The efflux into Na+ medium decreases in the order K+≧Na+〉[3H]choline≫[14C]inositol〉[14C]sucrose, [3H]inulin≅0. Our data suggest that palytoxin, once bound to erythrocyte membranes, transforms the sodium pump, or its functional vicinity, into a pore allowing the passive transport of small ions. This process is assisted by ATP from inside whereas Ca2+ promotes from the outside the efficacy of palytoxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 261 (1968), S. 252-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Peptides ; Bee Venom ; Mast Cells ; Histamine ; Vascular Permeability ; Peptide ; Bienengift ; Mastzellen ; Histamin ; Gefäßpermeabilität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bienengift enthält neben dem universell zellschädigenden Melittin und der über Lysolecithinbildung wirksamen Phospholipase A ein drittes mastzelldegranulierendes (MCD-)Peptid. Seine Isolierung gelingt durch Kombination von Gelfiltration an Sephadex G 50 mit Ionenaustauschchromatographie an Carboxymethylcellulose und an Amberlite IRC-50. MCD-Peptid ist stark basisch (Isoelektrischer Punkt um pH 12). Sein minimales Molekulargewicht errechnet sich aus der Aminosäurenanalyse zu 2593. Das Peptid besteht aus 22 Aminosäuren, darunter 4 Halbcystinen. Es liegt in zwei verschiedenen Ladungszuständen vor, die sich bei Papierchromatographie, Papierelektrophorese und Aminosäurenanalyse einheitlich verhalten. MCD-Peptid ist an isolierten Rattenmastzellen (Histaminfreisetzung) und am Mesenterialhäutchen der Ratte (Mastzelldegranulation) etwa wirkungsgleich mit dem synthetischen Histaminliberator Compound 48/80. Melittin wirkt ca. 100- bzw. 10 mal schwächer und zeichnet sich überdies durch eine sehr flache Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung bei der Histaminfreisetzung aus. Der Rattenblutdruck wird durch MCD-Peptid und Compound 48/80 in quantitativ und qualitativ vergleichbarer Weise gesenkt. Zwischen beiden Substanzen besteht kreuzweise Tachyphylaxie. Die Permeabilität der Hautgefäße der Ratte für zirkulierendes Evans-Blau steigt bei intracutaner Applikation von MCD-Peptid und Compound 48/80. Beide Substanzen sind hier stärker wirksam als Melittin. Die Hautgefäße des Kaninchens sprechen jedoch auf MCD-Peptid schwächer an als auf Melittin und Compound 48/80. Die Ratte reagiert auf i.v. Injektion von 0,5–10 mg/kg MCD-Peptid mit massiver Hyperämie der Acren. Eine kurzdauernde Spastik der Extremitäten weist auf einen zusätzlichen Angriff am motorischen System hin.
    Notes: Summary Bee venom contains three agents which can produce mast cell degranulation. Melittin is a universally acting surfactant; phospholipase A releases the mastocytolytic lysolecithin. A third mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptide has been isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G 50, followed by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, and, finally, on Amberlite IRC-50. MCD-peptide is strongly basic (isoelectric point near pH 12). From the amino acid analysis, a minimum molecular weight of 2593 has been calculated. MCD-peptide consists of 22 amino acids, among them 4 halfcystine residues. It can be obtained in two fractions differing by charge, which appear homogeneous, however, on paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. When tested on isolated mast cells or on mesentery tissue of rats, MCD-peptide is equiactive with compound 48/80. On the other hand, melittin is 100 times less potent than compound 48/80 on the former tissue and 10 times less potent on the latter; moreover, the dose-response-relation of histamine release is flatter with melittin. MCD-peptide and compound 48/80 depress the blood pressure of rats in a quantitatively and qualitatively similar manner. Crossed tachyphylaxis has been demonstrated. Both substances increase the capillary permeability of rat skin upon intracutaneous injection. Melittin is less active on rat skin vessels. The skin capillaries of rabbits are, however, more sensitive to melittin and compound 48/80 than to MCD-peptide. MCD-peptide (0.5–10 mg/kg i.v.) produces in rats an extreme cyanosis of the acra. A short lasting spasm of the extremities points to an additional effect on the motor system of rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 172-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bovine Serum ; Kininogen ; Peptides ; Enzymes ; Structure Evaluation ; Rinderserum ; Kininogen ; Peptide ; Enzyme ; Struktur-aufklärung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Rinderserum ergab beim Umsatz mit Pepsin niedermolekulare, kininliefernde Spaltstücke. Das durch Fällung, Verteilung, Gelfiltration und Jonenaustausch-Chromatographie vorgereinigte Hydrolysat ließ sich durch Papierchromatographie in 2 Fraktionen trennen, auf die sich die kininliefernde Gruppierung im Verhältnis 5∶1 verteilte. 2. Beide kininliefernde Fraktionen waren resistent gegen Carboxypeptidase B, was gegen eine C-terminale Position der Kininsequenz spricht. Sie waren aktivierbar durch Trypsin, Pankreaskallikrein und auch Carboxypeptidase A. Trypsin in höherer Konzentration entwickelte aus der Hauptfraktion (L) Bradykinin, während mit Pankreaskallikrein, Carboxypeptidase A und kleinen Trypsinmengen Met-Lys-Bradykinin entstand. Die „direkte“ Aktivität der Fraktionen am Meerschweinchenileum lag bei maximal 1–2% der „indirekten“. 3. Aus der chromatographisch langsameren Hauptfraktion (L) wurde hoch-spannungselektrophoretisch ein einheitliches Minimalsubstrat für Kininogenasen isoliert. In seiner Aminosäurenanalyse entsprach es dem aus gereinigtem Rinderserum-Kininogen isolierten Hauptpeptid PKFL; auch beim Edman-Abbau ergaben sich keine Unterschiede. 4. Die früher für gereinigtes Kininogen beschriebenen Sequenzen sind also auch für Gesamtserum repräsentativ. Hinweise auf andersartige Peptide, insbesondere auf solche mit der Kininsequenz in C-terminaler Position, ergaben sich nicht.
    Notes: Summary 1. Peptic treatment of bovine serum produced kinin yielding substances of low molecular weight. The hydrolyzate was purified by precipitation, partition, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Subsequent paper chromatography revealed two fractions with a 5∶1 distribution of the kinin-yielding property. 2. Both kinin-yielding fractions were resistant to carboxypeptidase B, a finding which argues against a C-terminal position of the kinin sequence. They could be activated by trypsin, pancreatic kallikrein, and carboxypeptidase A. Higher concentrations of trypsin released bradykinin from the main fraction (L), whereas pancreatic kallikrein, carboxypeptidase A and low amounts of trypsin produced met-lysbradykinin. The “direct” activity of the fractions as measured on the guinea pig ileum was no more than 1–2% of the “indirect” activity. 3. A homogeneous minimal substrate was isolated from the chromatographically slower fraction L by high voltage electrophoresis. With respect to amino acid analysis and Edman degradation, it could not be distinguished from the peptide PKFL isolated from purified bovine kininogen. 4. Therefore, the sequences described previously in purified kininogen are also representative for whole serum. Evidence for different peptides, especially with the kinin sequence in C-terminal position, was not found.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 290 (1975), S. 329-333 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus Toxin ; Iodine Labelling ; Neurones ; Tissue Culture ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary cultures derived from embryonic mouse brain and spinal cord were exposed to 125I-labelled tetanus toxin and subjected to autoradiography. Cells with neuronal, but not glial, morphology selectively accumulated the toxin. The distribution of the grains over these cells and their processes was not uniform, discrete processes showing heavier labelling.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 303 (1978), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus ; Botulism ; Acetylcholine ; Nerve tissue ; Cell cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary nerve cell cultures derived from embryonic rat central nervous system form [3H]ACh from exogenous [3H]Ch, and release it upon potassium depolarization. Pretreatment of the cultures with botulinum-A toxin or tetanus toxin diminishes the cellular accumulation of [3H]ACh. Poisoning the cultures during the period of [3H]Ch uptake fails to lower [3H]ACh formation. Dependent on dosage, both toxins suppress the release of [3H]ACh upon potassium depolarization. Heat-denaturated toxins as well as tetanus toxin preincubated with tetanus antitoxin were without effect.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 270 (1971), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Melittin ; Peptides ; Venoms ; Hemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hexacosapeptide melittin I, which is the main toxin of bee venom, has been synthesized by Lübke and Schröder. In addition, the following derivatives have been prepared which are probably also present in bee venom: melittin II (which differs by one serine), and N1-formylated melittin I and II. In pharmacological tests, the four synthetic peptides were qualitatively indistinguishable from natural melittin as prepared from bee venom. Theyhemolyzed rabbit erythrocytes with a flat dose-response curve. Melittin I exerted 92% of the activity of the natural substance, the three other peptides 90, 61 and 52% respectively.-Theirsurface activity was between 86 and 96% of that of the natural material.-In contrast to our previous reports, no differences were found in onset, degree and duration of the shortlastinghypotensive action in rabbits.-Toxicity (LD 50, mice) was about 4 mg/kg for natural melittin and for the synthetic melittins I and II. The toxicity of formylated melittins was not very different.-The five compounds caused a slow and prolongedcontraction of the guinea-pig ileum which led to tachyphylaxis. Peptide mapping confirmed the identity between the main compound of natural melittin and synthetic melittin I. The peptide pattern of synthetic melittin II is different and is further modified by the presence of the N-formyl group. Our findings leave no doubt as to the identity between the bulk of natural melittin and melittin I. They corroborate the presence in natural melittin of small amounts of N1-formylated melittin I. The pharmacological similarities to synthetic melittin II and N1-formylated melittin II (which have not yet been identified in the venom) argue for a broader structural basis of the melittins as a group.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 301 (1977), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Tetanus ; Toxin ; Axonal transport ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were injected i.v. with 125I-tetanus toxin. In autoradiographs of the spinal cord radioactivity was found over the pericarya and in the surroundings of the motoneurones whereas grain density was less over their nuclear region. In addition, pericarya in the lateral horn of the thoracic region and also the bipolar cells of the spinal ganglia contained radioactivity. The central part and the dorsal horns of spinal cord, and the white substance did not show any appreciable radioactivity. Within the medulla oblongata, clusters of large cells representing motor nuclei, as well as some fibre tracts close to them, contained 125I. Forebrain and cerebellum remained free. According to its histoautoradiographic appearance, generalized tetanus can be described best as a combination of multiple local tetani.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Sodium channel ; Calcium ; Cyclic GMP ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sea anemone toxin II (ATX II) and MCD-peptide, like other depolarizing agents, raise the content of cGMP and to a lesser extent of cAMP in mouse cerebellar slices. Na+ influx and Ca2+ movement are involved in their mode of action, as indicated by the following observations: 1. The rise of cGMP due to ATX II, MCD-peptide and high potassium was diminished when Na+ had been replaced by Li+. 2. The effects of both toxins and veratridine, but not of high potassium stimulation were prevented by tetrodotoxin (TTX). 3. The cGMP accumulation due to both toxins was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. 4. The so-called Ca2+-antagonist (−)-D-600 blocked the increase of cGMP due to ATX II, MCD-peptide, veratridine and high potassium. 5. ATX II stimulated the 45Ca2+ uptake in mouse cerebellar slices which was prevented by TTX and (−)-D-600.
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