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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 68 (1990), S. 1157-1167 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Prolactin ; Prolactin gene ; Estrogen ; Pregnancy ; Prolactin-producing tumors ; TRH/Dopamine agonist drugs ; Dopamine receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Prolactin is a 21,500 Dalton single-chain polypeptide hormone but may occur in 50 kDa and 150 kDa molecular variants. 2. These large PRL variants may be secreted predominantly; this condition is termed “macroprolactinemia”. It is characterized by high immunological and normal biological serum levels of prolactin, and lack of clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. 3. The information on PRL is encoded on chromosome 6. Transcription can be enhanced and suppressed by a variety of hormonal factors. 4. PRL is secreted in a pulsatile fashion; it displays a circadian rhythm (with a maximum during sleep) and is stimulated by some amino acids. PRL also responds to mechanical stimulation of the breast. 5. PRL rises during pregnancy, and maintainance of hyperprolactinemia (and, thereby, physiological infertility) is dependent on the frequency and duration of breast feedings. 6. Hypothalamic regulation of prolactin mainly involves tonic inhibition via portal dopamine. The physiological importance of various stimulating factors present in the hypothalamus is still incompletely understood. In particular, there is still no place for TRH in PRL physiology. 7. PRL is released in response to stress; this response may be mediated by opioids. The low-estrogen, low-gonadotropin amenorrhea of endurancetraining women is not mediated by prolactin, however. 8. Estrogens stimulate PRL gene transcription via at least two independent mechanisms. There are many clinical examples of this estrogen effect on prolactin serum levels, and also on the growth of prolactinomas. 9. Mild hyperprolactinemia remains an enigma which cannot satisfactorily be resolved by biochemical or radiological testing. The border between “normal” and “elevated” prolactin is illdefined. The possibility of macroprolactinemia complicates this matter even further. 10. The number of drugs which suppress prolactin by acting on pituitary D2 receptors, and which are useful in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, continues to increase. In the field of ergot alkaloids, parenteral application appears to be a logical solution to the problem of the high first-pass effect; in addition, this form of treatment is frequently better tolerated than the oral route. 11. Prolactinoma development is presently being studied employing molecular biological techniques; the question of whether tumorigenesis can be attributed to specific defects of gene regulation remains to be answered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 547-551 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Depot-bromocriptine ; Acromegaly ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the efficacy and tolerability of a repeatable long-acting parenteral depot-bromocriptine preparation (Parlodel LAR) in 14 acromegalic patients, 10 of whom had received oral bromocriptine therapy previously, 2 of them showing intolerance to oral bromocriptine. Patients received i.m. injections of 50–100 mg depot-bromocriptine at 4-week intervals for 3–24 months (median 6). Growth hormone profiles were assessed by four daily samples at 4-week intervals. Main daily growth hormone levels decreased from 52.1 ±12.3 μg/l (mean ± SEM) to 19.4 ± 4.7 μg/l on the day of injection. In 6 patients, growth hormone values were lowered by more than 50%, whereas IGF-I levels decreased only slightly and growth hormone values during the oral glucose tolerance test remained non-suppressible. Tumour sizes were not affected. Two women became pregnant and were delivered of healthy babies. Side-effects typical of bromocriptine occurred frequently on the days of injection and diminished in most patients after 2 months of therapy despite increasing dosage. Compared with previous oral bromocriptine therapy, 9 of 10 patients preferred the depot preparation, whereas the reduction of growth hormone levels was similar during both treatments. In conclusion, depot-bromocriptine should be considered for acromegalic patients intolerant to oral bromocriptine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; Prognostic factors ; Sporadic and familial form ; Age ; Sex ; Tumor stage at diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A retrospective study of 741 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed between 1967 and 1991 was carried out by members of the German Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Study Group to evaluate prognostic factors. A total of 559 patients (75%) were considered to have sporadic disease, and 182 (25%) had the familial type. The sex ratio (male to female) was 1:1.4 in sporadic disease patients, and the mean age at diagnosis was 45.9 years (range 5-81 years). For familial disease patients the sex ratio was 1:1.1, and the mean age at diagnosis was 33.4 (range 5–77 years). The follow-up time for 630 patients ranged from 1 month to 20.8 years (mean 13.0 years). The overall adjusted survival rate was 86.7% at 5 years and 64.2% at 10 years. In a univariate analysis the stage of disease at diagnosis, age, sex, and type of disease (sporadic, familial) were relevant prognostic factors, with a better prognosis for young female patients with familial disease and diagnosed at an early stage. In a multivariate proportional hazards analysis, the difference in the survival rate of patients with familial disease versus those with the sporadic form disappeared, while prognostic information provided by age and sex was still significant. The poorer prognosis of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma may be related to the patients' older age at detection and more advanced tumor stage at diagnosis. There seems to be no difference in biological behavior between tumors of the sporadic and those of the familial type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 531-539 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Antithyroid drugs ; Methimazole ; Carbimazole ; Propylthiouracil ; Pharmokinetics ; Absorption ; Metabolism ; Excretion ; Placental Transfers ; Pregnancy ; Thyreostatika ; Methimazol ; Carbimazol ; Propylthiouracil ; Pharmakokinetik ; Resorption ; Metabolismus ; Exkretion ; Plazentapassage ; Schwangerschaft
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Untersuchungen der Pharmakokinetik von Thyreostatika sind durch das Fehlen einfacher und empfindlicher Bestimmungsmethoden für diese Pharmaka in biologischen Flüssigkeiten erschwert. 2. Die Resorption von Carbimazol und — besonders — Methimazol ist erheblichen interindividuellen Schwankungen unterworfen. 3. Propylthiouracil, aber nicht Methimazol wird an Plasmaproteine gebunden. 4. Nach Gabe von Carbimazol ist nur Methimazol im Serum, Urin und Schilddrüsengewebe nachweisbar. Die Konversion von Carbimazol zu Methimazol scheint enzymatisch gesteuert zu werden. Die Methimazol-Plasmaspiegel sind nach Gabe von Carbimazol niedriger als nach Gabe einer gleichen Menge von Methimazol. 10 mg Carbimazol sind äquivalent zu 6–7 mg Methimazol. 5. Verteilung und Elimination von Methimazol und Propylthiouracil können durch ein Ein-Kompartment-System mit Eliminationsweg 1. Ordnung beschrieben werden. Die Plasmahalbwertszeit von Propylthiouracil beträgt etwa 1 h, die von Methimazol 2–6 h. 6. Thyreostatika werden in der Schilddrüse angereichert. Diese Anreicherung wird bei Labortieren durch Jodmangel gehemmt. Die Hemmung der Jodidorganifikation hängt mehr von der intrathyreoidalen als der Plasmakonzentration der Thyreostatika ab. 7. In der Schilddrüse werden die Thyreostatika schrittweise oxidiert und teilweise an Thyreoglobulin gebunden. Der Hauptmetabolit von PTU ist PTU-SO2H. Ein Methimazolmetabolit, das Methylthiohydantoin, kann im Plasma und im Urin nachgewiesen werden. 8. Propylthiouracil wird rasch an Glucuronsäure gekoppelt. Ein beträchtlicher Teil der Thyreostatika und ihrer Metabolite wird mit der Galle ausgeschieden und später reabsorbiert (enterohepatischer Kreislauf). Die faekale Ausscheidung ist sehr niedrig. Im Urin erscheinen geringe Mengen der nicht metabolisierten Substanzen zusammen mit Glucuroniden, Methylderivaten (nur bei Propylthiouracil) und unidentifizierten Metaboliten. 9. In der Schwangerschaft ist die Halbwertszeit von Methimazol verkürzt (nach vorläufigen Daten). Methimazol und Propylthiouracil durchqueren die Plazentaschranke und können im fetalen Blut und in der fetalen Schilddrüse nachgewiesen werden. Die Konzentrationen in der Muttermilch sind sehr gering, besonders bei Propylthiouracil. 10. Über die Änderungen der Thyreostatika-Pharmakokinetik während der Behandlung einer Hyperthyreose gibt es bisher nur unzureichende Daten.
    Notes: Summary Studies of antithyroid drug pharmacokinetics suffer from the lack of simple and sensitive methods for the measurement of these drugs in biologic fluids. This is reflected by most of the data available at present. From a critical review of these studies, the following conclusions emerge: 1) Absorption of methimazole and carbimazole is subject to considerable interindividual variability, which is more pronounced for methimazole than for carbimazole. 2) Propylthiouracil, but not methimazole, is bound to plasma proteins. 3) After administration of carbimazole, only methimazole can be detected in serum and thyroid tissue. Conversion of carbimazole to methimazole appears to be an enzymatic process. Methimazole plasma levels are lower after carbimazole administration than after equal amounts (on a weight basis) of methimazole; 10 mg carbimazole are equivalent to 6–7 mg methimazole. 4) Methimazole and propylthiouracil plasma levels decrease with time according to first-order kinetics. Serum half-life of propylthiouracil is about 1 h, half-life of methimazole is 2–6 h. 5) Antithyroid drugs are concentrated by the thyroid gland. This accumulation is inhibited in iodine deficiency in animals. Inhibition of iodide organification is dependent on intrathyroidal rather than plasma concentration of antithyroid drugs. 6) Intrathyroidal metabolism of antithyroid drugs involves binding to thyroglobulin and stepwise oxidation. The main metabolite of propylthiouracil is PTU-SO2H. A metabolite of methimazole, methylthiohydantoin, can be detected in plasma and urine. 7) Propylthiouracil is rapidly coupled to glucuronic acid. A significant proportion of antithyroid drugs and their metabolites is excreted into bile and later reabsorbed (enterohepatic circulation). Fecal excretion is very low. In urine, small amounts of unchanged drugs are excreted together with glucuronides, methyl derivatives (only PTU) and unidentified metabolites. 8) In pregnancy, methimazole half-life appears to be shortened. Methimazole and propylthiouracil can cross the placenta and are detected in the fetal circulation and thyroid. Concentrations in breast milk are very low, especially for propylthiouracil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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