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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Onion fly ; Delia antiqua ; Anthomyiidae ; egg distribution ; soil sampling ; agar infusion ; insecticide ; Lorsban™ 15 G ; chlorpyrifos ; Dyfonate™ 15 G ; fonofos ; ovipositional behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for rapidly determining the vertical and horizontal distribution of insect eggs in fragile soil is described. Liquefied agar is allowed to permeate intact soil samples from below; after cooling, the resulting solid is cut into thin sections, from which eggs can be recovered by washes with hot water. This technique revealed that in organic (muck) soil in the laboratory, undisturbed onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), laid 95% of their eggs within a 10 mm diameter zone around the base of a surrogate onion ‘stem’ arising vertically from the soil. Ninety % of all eggs were found in the top 12 mm of soil, with an apparent maximum at depth of 2–4 mm. Increasing fly density from 30 to 200 flies per 30×30×42 cm cage flattened the horizontal distribution of eggs and extended the ovipositional range from c. 15 mm to beyond 60 mm, suggesting there was competition for the preferred ovipositional sites. Surface treatment of muck soil in the field by granular formulations of the insecticides Lorsban™ 15 G (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) and Dyfonate™ 15 G (fonofos) three weeks prior to bioassaying reduced egg-laying at depths greater than 8 mm. The relation between the measured egg distribution and mortality factors in soil (low moisture and high temperature) is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 773-792 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Delia antiqua ; Anthomyiidae ; Diptera ; herbivore ; egg-laying ; host-finding ; sensory systems ; chemoreception ; n-dipropyl disulfide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral responses of female onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen), to hostplant cues were quantified during encounters of individual flies with onion plants and onion foliar surrogates. The behavioral repertoire of such females included sitting, grooming, running up and down foliar surfaces, extension of the proboscis such that the labellum contacted foliar and soil surfaces, movements of the tip of the abdomen over surfaces (surface probing), subsurface probing of soil crevices with the ovipositor, and oviposition. Sequences of behaviors preceding oviposition were probabilistic rather than highly stereotyped but generally followed the order given above. Foliar surrogates were used to determine the effects of n-dipropyl disulfide (Pr2S2) on the sequence of behaviors leading up to oviposition. The addition of a Pr2S2-treated surrogate to a cage increased the frequency of alighting on that surrogate but also increased alighting on a nearby foliar surrogate without Pr2S2. After alighting, females encountering surrogates treated with Pr2S2 had shorter latencies to proboscis extension and surface probing, spent less time sitting and grooming, and had runs of shorter duration. These females were also more likely to make the transition from probing of surfaces of foliage and soil to subsurface probing of soil crevices and oviposition. Thus, rather than mediating a particular step in the behavioral sequence, Pr2S2 played a role throughout the sequence leading up to oviposition. Collectively, these data and past studies on the onion fly support the hypothesis that egglaying is triggered by a temporal summation of inputs to the central nervous system from various sensory modalities rather than strict behavioral chaining, with each transition effected by some unique cue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 279-286 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Delia antiqua ; Hylemya ; Anthomyiidae ; onion fly ; antixenosis ; oviposition behaviour ; plant-insect interactions ; resistance ; host-plant stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A la lumière d'opinions récentes concernant la découverte des plantes-hôtes par D. antiqua, nous avons examiné les conditions de la ‘résistance’ chez plusieurs lignées de A. cepa les moins attaquées lors d'essais en plein champ aux Pays-Bas, et dont on considérait que la ‘résistance’ était due à une antixénose. Des femelles gravides en présence, au laboratoire, d'un choix de plants de 6 semaines, pondent en moyenne 1,6 à 34,8 oeufs par plant. Les différences entre les pontes correspondent aux tailles des plants. Si l'on tient compte de ces dernières, l'analyse de covariance ne montre pas de différence significative entre les pontes sur les différentes lignées. Des substituts de feuilles ont été créés de façon à faire varier les paramètres de taille tout en maintenant constants les autres stimuli de la plante: pour des plantes, dont le diamètre à la base variait de 1 à 4 mm et la hauteur de 100 à 350 mm, seul le diamètre a significativement influé sur la ponte. Les pontes sur les plantes hors de ces dimensions n'ont pu être expliquées par les seules différences de diamètre. Comme les paysans des principales régions productrices d'oignons d'Europe et des U.S.A. font des bénéfices importants avec la culture d'oignons précoces, ces lignées, sélectionnées par mégarde pour leur développement lent, ne sont probablement pas une bonne source de ‘résistance’ à la mouche de l'oignon. Cependant, ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de tenir autant compte de la taille de la plante que de son chimisme ou de sa texture lors de l'évaluation et de la création de cultivars résistants.
    Notes: Abstract When gravid onion fly females, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) were presented in laboratory choice test with 6-week-old plants of a susceptible cultivar and of onion breeding lines selected for resistance, mean numbers of eggs laid ranged from 34.8 to 1.6 eggs per plant. Differences in ovipositional responses were mirrored by differences in plant size. Analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences in ovipositional responses to breeding lines when differences in size were taken into account. Foliar surrogates were developed so that single size parameters could be varied while holding all other plant stimuli constant. Tests using these surrogates revealed that among plants with basal diameters of 1 to 4 mm and heights of 100 to 350 mm, diameter alone significantly influenced responses of ovipositing females. Ovipositional responses to plants beyond this size range could not be explained strictly by diameter differences. These results underscore the necessity of considering plant size as well as plant chemistry and texture in efforts to evalute and design resistant cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 243-256 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial septum ; Hippocampus ; Dentate gyrus ; Evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous electrophysiological experiments in rabbits have suggested that medial septal stimulation activates dentate granule cells and evokes an associated negative field response at the granule cell layer, without an associated “dendritic” response. Anatomical studies have suggested that septal input to the granule cells may be to stratum moleculare, or close to the cell layer, or may not exist at all. The present experiments confirmed in rats anaesthetised with urethane that medial septal stimulation elicits single action potentials from cells in the granule layer. The associated negative field potential was maximal in the granule cell layer and there was no sign of a separate dendritic potential. The fibres responsible for this potential travel to the dorsal hippocampus in the fornix superior rather than the fimbria, taking the same course as the fibres which contribute to the dense cholinesterase staining just above the granule cell layer. Stimulation at 100 Hz for 1 s of either medial septal, or perforant path, input to the dentate granule cell layer produced long term potentiation of the subsequent evoked field responses to the stimulated pathway. The responses to the non-stimulated pathway were unchanged. Paired pulse stimulation produced both homosynaptic and heterosynaptic potentiation. These data suggest that medial septal input synapses close to granule cell bodies and produces a negative field potential which is a combination of dendritic and population spike potentials. Medial septal input also appeared to produce direct activation of hilar neurones, some of which may be basket cells or other interneurones. The data also show that long term potentiation is specific to this input, perhaps dependent on presynaptic mechanisms. Paired pulse potentiation, at least in the heterosynaptic case appears to depend on postsynaptic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 567-570 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Frequency potentiation ; Transmembrane potential ; Ephaptic transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The contribution of ephaptic interactions to potentiation of the hippocampal CA1 extracellular population spike during paired pulse or frequency stimulation of stratum radiatum (SR) inputs was investigated using the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation. Records of the transmembrane potential revealed a depolarizing wave with an amplitude and latency that varied directly with that of the extracellular population spike. Paired pulse or repetitive stimulation of SR resulted in a potentiation of the population spike amplitude and a corresponding increase in the amplitude of the TMP depolarizing wave. Action potentials generated during the stimulus train consistently arose from the peak of the depolarizing wave. It is proposed that ephaptic interactions contribute to potentiation of the extracellular population spike through recruitment of subthreshold neurons within the population during repetitive afferent stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 250-258 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Longterm potentiation ; Hippocampus ; Collateral specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Long term potentiation (LTP) in response to brief high frequency trains has been reported for many pathways in the hippocampus. The mechanisms involved are still unclear. The present experiments set out to confirm reports in the literature that LTP of output from CA3 neurons can be specific to particular collaterals. Single pulses delivered to area CA3 produced field responses nearly simultaneously in area CA1 and in the lateral septum (LS). High frequency stimulation of CA3 produced long term potentiation of CA1 but not LS responses. The CA1 response to stimulation of the contralateral hippocampus did not potentiate when the CA1 response to CA3 stimulation showed long term potentiation. The CA1 and LS responses to CA3 stimulation showed similar strength-duration, strength-amplitude and frequency following characteristics. Their latencies were comparable to the latencies of antidromic activation of CA3 cells from CA1 and LS. Movement of stimulating electrodes to the region of the Schaffer collaterals increased the latency of the LS response and decreased the latency of the CA1 response but left the sum of these latencies unchanged. It was concluded that the CA3 and Schaffer stimulation were activating LS and CA1 collaterals of the same CA3 neurons. CA1 and LS responses to CA3 stimulation showed somewhat different paired pulse and frequency potentiation characteristics. These data confirm reports in the literature that long term potentiation is both input-specific and collateral-specific. The mechanisms of long term potentiation are likely, therefore, to be limited to changes at specific synaptic junctions, e.g. changes in sensitivity of specific postsynaptic receptor sites or changes in transmitter release, which can depend on functional or organisational differences between two collaterals of the same neuron.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 443-447 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; GABA ; Hippocampus ; Inhibition ; Kindling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vitro hippocampal slices were prepared from control and commissural-kindled rats and the inhibitory processes of the dentate granule cells were assessed using paired perforant path stimulation. An early (20 ms) Cl--dependent and a late (200 ms-8 s) Cl--independent inhibition were shown to be present in the dentate. Enhancement of the late Cl--insensitive inhibition was observed following the establishment of commissural kindling and persisted for periods of up to eight weeks following the last seizure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 719-730 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Onion fly ; Delia antiqua ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; oviposition ; deterrent ; capsaicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory choice experiments, the spices dill, paprika, black pepper, chili powder, ginger, and red pepper deterredDelia antiqua oviposition by 88–100%. Dose-response choice tests demonstrated that 1 mg of ground cayenne pepper (GCP) placed within 1 cm of artificial onion foliage reduced oviposition by 78%. A synthetic analog of capsaicin, the principal flavor ingredient of red peppers, deterred oviposition by 95% when present at 320 ppm in the top centimeter of sand (the ovipositional substrate). However, in no-choice conditions 10 mg GCP was not an effective deterrent. Sevana Bird Repellent and Agrigard Insect Repellent both use red pepper as a principal ingredient; at recommended field rates, neither of these materials was an effective ovipositional deterrent either in laboratory or field. Capsaicin-based materials do not appear to be candidates for onion maggot control via behavioral modification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1477-1488 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Delia antiqua ; onion fly ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; food attractants ; host attractants ; microbial attractants ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; bacteria ; Allium ; onion ; garlic ; chive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Of various chopped vegetables tested,Allium spp. high in propyl-containing alkyl sulfides (e.g.,cepa group) caught the most onion flies in trapping tests in the field. Fly catches to chopped onion increased with bait quantity. Attractancy of chopped onion changed dramatically during aging in the field; catch increased over the first few days, peaked at ca. fivefold over fresh material by 3–5 days, and then declined sharply. This age-dependent increase in attraction was not seen for garlic (known to have antimicrobial properties) nor with chopped onion mixed with chopped garlic. These data suggested that attraction of onion flies to onions was strongly influenced by microbial activity associated with decomposing onions. The bacteriumKlebsiella pneumoniae was identified as a major colonizer of onions maximally attractive to onion flies. This increased attraction is not due to the previously reported microbially produced volatiles ethyl acetate and tetramethyl pyrazine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 435-440 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Delia (Hylemya) antiqua ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; onion fly ; onion maggot ; tube trap ; insect attractants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of onion flies,Delia antiqua, to known attractants were measured in the laboratory with a novel tube-trap bioassay. The relative numbers of flies caught in tube traps baited with enzymatic yeast hydrolysate, brewer's yeast, andn-dipropyl disulfide were similar to those obtained previously with cone traps in the field. Changing the shape of the bioassay cage from a cuboid to a cylinder decreased the experimental error obtained from analysis of variance, as did rotating the floor of the circular cage. This bioassay should be useful in evaluating attractants for other insects that orient along the substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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