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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 15 (2005), S. 872-893 
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Purpose - The quality of crystals grown in space can be diversely affected by the melt flows induced by g-jitter associated with a space vehicle. This paper presents a full three-dimensional (3D) transient finite element analysis of the complex fluid flow and heat and mass transfer phenomena in a simplified Bridgman crystal growth configuration under the influence of g-jitter perturbations and magnetic fields. Design/methodology/approach - The model development is based on the Galerkin finite element solution of the magnetohydrodynamic governing equations describing the thermal convection and heat and mass transfer in the melt. A physics-based re-numbering algorithm is used to make the formidable 3D simulations computationally feasible. Simulations are made using steady microgravity, synthetic and real g-jitter data taken during a space flight. Findings - Numerical results show that g-jitter drives a complex, 3D, time dependent thermal convection and that velocity spikes in response to real g-jitter disturbances in space flights, resulting in irregular solute concentration distributions. An applied magnetic field provides an effective means to suppress the deleterious convection effects caused by g-jitter. Based on the simulations with applied magnetic fields of various strengths and orientations, the magnetic field aligned with the thermal gradient provides an optimal damping effect, and the stronger magnetic field is more effective in suppressing the g-jitter induced convection. While the convective flows and solute transport are complex and truly 3D, those in the symmetry plane parallel to the direction of g-jitter are essentially two-dimensional (2D), which may be approximated well by the widely used 2D models. Originality/value - The physics-based re-numbering algorithm has made possible the large scale finite element computations for 3D g-jitter flows in a magnetic field. The results indicate that an applied magnetic field can be effective in suppressing the g-jitter driven flows and thus enhance the quality of crystals grown in space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 64 (1992), S. 223-230 
    ISSN: 1010-6030
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2614
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Economics Letters 29 (1989), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 0165-1765
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 70 (1986), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Medulloblastoma ; CT scan ; Embryonal neoplasm ; Kinetics ; Growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth analysis of medulloblastomas was performed in two children. They initially manifested symptoms at the age of 3 years and 9 months and at the age of 2 months respectively. Computerized tomography (CT) scans were obtained at different points in each case. The growth curves were drawn on a semilogarithmic graph by calculating the tumor volume on CT on the assumptions that the tumor started from a single tumor cell and that the growth rate was constant. By extrapolating the curves back, tumor inception was estimated to have occurred respectively at the 14–23rd week and at the 16–17th week of gestation. Additional cell kinetic data were obtained from DNA analysis of surgical pathology specimens. Calculated cell-cycle times were 22–32 h for both cases. The S phases comprised 26.3% and 27% and the G0G1 phases 66.8% and 62% of the cell cycle, respectively, for case 1 and 2. Assuming a labelling index of 14%, the cell loss factors were estimated to be 97% and 74% (case 1 and case 2 respectively). The seventeenth week of gestation in humans corresponds to the timing of events occurring postnatally at days 3–18 in the developing cerebella of rodents, i.e., at the time of maximal activity in the migration and differentiation of the cells of the fetal external granular layer. Medulloblastomas have been experimentally induced in rodents by the injection of oncogenic viruses during the neonatal period, and statistical data on the epidemiology of human medulloblastomas have suggested a possible association with the contamination of polio vaccine by the SV 40 virus. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that these medulloblastomas originated in the cerebellum during the period of active development of the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 105 (1990), S. 98-106 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Cerebral blood flow ; Subarachnoid haemorrhage ; cerebral vasospasm ; age affect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 226 measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were performed in 96 postoperative patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The global CBF was significantly reduced in the first week after SAH, and the extent of the CBF reduction was less in the patients with good outcome than in those with fair/ poor outcome. The good outcome patients showed a progressive increase in CBF in the following 3 weeks. Although the CBF decreased further in the second week in some of those patients, it turned to a steady increase thereafter. On the other hand, in the fair/poor outcome patients CBF remained far below the normal control value for at least 3 months after SAH. When looking into the effect of age on CBF in the patients with good outcome, those in their thirties and forties had a significantly reduced CBF during the first 2 weeks, whereas in those in their fifties and sixties a significant reduction persisted for 3 months to 1 year after SAH. Management of the older patients needs special attention even if they are apparently in good clinical condition, since the CBF threshold to ischaemia is diminished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 110 (1991), S. 146-153 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Aphasia ; corpus callosum ; limbic system ; mutism ; transcallosal approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transient mutism has been known as a common manifestation following callosotomy for medically intractable epilepsy, but its cause has not been clearly elucidated. In this paper, we report three cases of mutism following a transcallosal approach to tumours in the lateral and third ventricles and retrospectively analyze the surgical, neurological and radiological features which may suggest the cause of this type of mutism. Mutism may be a result of division of the corpus callosum. Suppression of the limbic system caused by lesions in the anterior cingulate gyrus, septum pellucidum, and fornix may have been of importance in at least two of these three cases. Impairments of the supplementary motor cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia may also be factors reducing speech production. The mechanism of such transient mutism seems to be a complex of two or more of these factors, and their combinations may be different from one case to the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit elektromagnetischen Strömungsmessern wurde der Blutdurchfluß während akuter intrakranieller Drucksteigerung in den freigelegten Aa. carotides und vertebrales von Affen gemessen. Gleichzeitig wurden die Druckwerte in den einzelnen Schädelhöhlen, Blutdruck, CO2-Konzentration in der Atmungsluft und Atembewegungen registriert. Ein lokalisierter raumfordernder Prozeß führt zu verschiedenen Druckwerten in den einzelnen intrakraniellen Abschnitten. Während der Aufblähung eines supratentoriellen Ballons besteht in der Regel ein Druckgefälle im Subduralraum von der ipsi- zur kontralateralen Großhirnhemisphäre und vom supra- zum infratentoriellen Raum, während bei einem infratentoriellen raumfordernden Prozeß der Druck über beiden Großhirnhemisphären gleichmäßiger ansteigt. Entsprechend den verschiedenen arteriovenösen Druckdifferenzen in den einzelnen Hirnabschnitten ist auch der Blutdruckfluß in den großen Hirnarterien verschienden. Die arteriovenösen Druckdifferenzen werden durch Lage und Ausdehnung des raumfordernden Prozesses mitbeeinflußt. Durch eine Verlagerung der Hirnsubstanz wird eine zusätzliche Drosselung der Hirndurchblutung infolge Abklemmung von Brückenvenen verursacht, die bei gleichmäßiger Druckerhöhung ohne Massenverschiebung weniger ins Gewicht fällt. Die experimentellen Resultate deuten darauf hin, daß die für die Größe der Hirndurchblutung wichtige Blutdruckerhöhung während akuter Hirndrucksteigerung eher eine Folge axialer Hirnstammtorsionen als einer allgemeinen Ischämie im infratentoriellen Raum ist. Außerdem spielen Stoffwechselfaktoren, namentlich die Anreicherung von CO2 während Atemstörungen, eine Rolle. Die Hirndurchblutung während akuter intrakranieller Drucksteigerungen durch einen lokalisierten raumfordernden Prozeß wird deshalb nicht durch einen einzelnen Faktor allein, sondern durch das Zusammenspiel verschiedener anatomischer, hämodynamischer und metabolischer Faktoren bestimmt. Bei fehlender Massenverschiebung ist die Korrelation zwischen Blutdruck, resp. arteriovenöser Druckdifferenz und Hirndurchblutung deshalb wesentlich besser als beim Vorliegen von Massenverschiebungen.
    Abstract: Résumé On a mesuré le flux sanguin lors d'une augmentation aiguë de la tension intracrânienne au moyen d'un appareil électromagnétique (flow meter) dans les carotides et artères vertébrales de singes. Simultanément on a enregistré les tensions dans les différentes cavités crâniennes, la tension artérielle, la concentration du CO2 dans l'air respiré et les mouvements respiratoires. Lors du gonflement d'un ballon supratentoriel on trouve en général une chute de tension dans l'espace sous-dural entre l'hémisphère ipsilatérale et la contralatérale, ou entre l'espace supra-tentoriel et infratentoriel. Un processus infratentoriel augmente la tension au-dessus des deux hémisphères d'une façon plus régulière. La variation du flux sanguin dans les grandes artères cérébrales correspond aux différentes variations de tension artérioveineuses. Celles-ci sont entre autre influencées par la localisation et l'ampleur de la tumeur. Un déplacement de substance cérébrale accentue la diminution du flux sanguin par un rétrécissement des veines cérébrales. Ce phénomène est moins net lors d'une augmentation régulière de la tension sans déplacement de masse cérébrale. Les résultats des expériences démontrent les faits suivants: s'il y a une augmentation aigüe de la tension intracrânienne, la torsion axiale du tronc cérébral est bien importante pour l'élévation de la tension artérielle (déterminant le flux sanguin), qu'une ischémie générale de l'espace infratentoriel. Des facteurs métaboliques, surtout l'augmentation du CO2 lors de troubles respiratoires, ont également une certaine influence. Dans l'accroissement aigu de la tension intracrânienne par une tumeur circonscrite, le flux sanguin cérébral n'est donc pas déterminé par un seul facteur, mais par une combinaison de différents éléments anatomiques, hémodynamiques et métaboliques. C'est pourquoi la corrélation entre tension artérielle et flux sanguin cérébral est nettement meilleure, lorsqu'il n'y a pas de déplacement de substance cérébrale.
    Notes: Conclusions and summary 1. In acute intracranial hypertension produced by localised masses in the supratentorial space, carotid and vertebral flow are influenced by complex anatomical, hemodynamic and metabolic factors. The most important factors are: the site of the mass which influences different pressure gradients, the mean blood pressure and the a-v pressure difference. The height of the intracranial pressure itself seems less important. No threshold was found for a level of intracranial pressure at which cerebral blood flow decreased. There was also no threshold for a-v pressure difference. 2. The rise in blood pressure during acute intracranial hypertension seems to be dependent on pressure gradients developed between different intracranial cavities rather than due to diffuse ischemia of the medulla. It is postulated that the factor responsible for the rise in blood pressure during intracranial hypertension is distortion of the brain stem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 17 (1968), S. 161-177 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bericht über 4 Fälle mit traumatischen Aneurysmen der A. carotis interna und Übersicht über die zugehörige Literatur. Bei 3 Fällen war es zu massiven Blutungen in den Nasen-Rachen-Baum gekommen, bedingt durch eine Ruptur der Aneurysmen in die Nasennebenhöhlen. Bei dem 4. Fall, bei dem keine Blutung in den Nasen-Rachen-Raum entstand, war gleichzeitig eine Kurzschlußverbindung zwischen Karotis und Sinus cavernosus entstanden. 2. Schädelbasisfraktur, einseitige Blindheit und rezidivierende schwere Blutungen in den Nasen-Rachen-Raum einige Zeit nach dem Trauma müssen immer an ein traumatisches Aneurysma der A. carotis interna im Bereiche der Schädelbasis denken lassen. 3. Die Möglichkeiten chirurgischer Therapie wurden kurz diskutiert.
    Abstract: Résumé 1. 4 cas d'anévrysmes traumatiques de l'artère carotide interne sont rapportés. Chez 3 malades, rupture de l'anévrysme dans les sinus paranasaux avec saignement du nez extrêmement sévère. Pas dépistaxis dans la quatrième cas, mais formation d'dune fistule entre l'artère carotide interne et le sinus caverneux, suivie par l'angiographie pendant plusieurs mois. Discussion de la littérature. 2. Les symptômes d'un anevrysme traumatique de l'artère carotide interne sont les suivants: fracture de la base du crâne, amaurose unilatérale, sévère épistaxis tardif et récidivant. 3. Discussion brève du traitement chirurgical.
    Notes: Summary 1. Four cases of traumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery are presented and the available literature is reviewed. In 3 cases, a massive epistaxis occurred following rupture of the aneurysm into the paranasal sinuses. In the remaining case, no epistaxis occurred, but the caroticocavernous fistula was associated with the aneurysm and both were studied by repeated angiograms over several months. 2. Fracture of the base of the skull, monocular blindness and recurrent severe epistaxis of late onset strongly suggest that a traumatic aneurysm of the internal carotid artery at the base of the skull is present. 3. Surgical treatment has been briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Calcification ; computed tomography ; contrast enhancement ; dense epidermoid tumour ; epidermoid tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracranial intradural epidermoid tumours have been known to show characteristic CT features consisting of non-enhancing lucent lesions with sharply defined margins that are often irregular and scalloped. Since the epidermoid tumours are benign, potentially curable lesions, it should be also noted that they may occasionally show atypical CT features such as dense lesion, definite marginal enhancement following contrast medium injection, or tumour associated with large, heavy calcifications. Four such atypical cases are reported, and the literature is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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