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  • Pima Indians  (9)
  • diabetes mellitus  (5)
  • Impaired glucose tolerance  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Islet cell antibodies and diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 17 (1979), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: American Indians ; autoimmunity ; diabetes mellitus ; islet cell antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic islet cell antibodies and 12 other autoantibodies were measured at the time of diabetes diagnosis in 46 Pima Indians, aged 17–47 years, and in 46 age-sex matched non-diabetic controls. Islet cell antibodies were found in only two diabetics, aged 20 and 25, compared with none of 46 controls. Neither of the subjects with islet cell antibodies had other autoantibodies. At least one type of autoantibody was found in 14 (30%) of the diabetics and in 14 controls, but none was significantly associated] with diabetes. This study indicates that diabetes in the Pima Indians, even those with an onset below 25 years of age, is almost entirely of type II, in that the disease is not associated with islet cell antibodies, ketoacidosis, or insulin dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01219743
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in melanesians and part-polynesians in Rural New Caledonia and ouvea (Loyalty Islands) (1982)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 393-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance ; diabetes mellitus ; prevalence ; Melanesian ; Polynesian ; glucose tolerance ; genetics ; environment ; rural ; urban
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The study of different ethnic groups living in the same physical environment provides the opportunity to examine interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus. In rural New Caledonia, the prevalence of diabetes was higher in part-Polynesians than in Melanesians: males — 6.6 versus 0.5%; females — 6.3 versus 3.5% respectively. The prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance (impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes) was 11.5 and 15.7% in part-Polynesian males and females, respectively, and 4.7 and 9.2% in Melanesian males and females. Mean age and degree of obesity in these ethnic groups were sufficiently similar to suggest that these factors played no significant role in the difference in diabetes prevalence. Furthermore, adjustment of relative risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes for age and obesity indicated that the modest differences between groups were not responsible for the observed variation in diabetes prevalence. The differences in prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes between Melanesians and part-Polynesians may be genetically determined, although the role of certain environmental factors other than obesity, e.g. differences in physical activity or qualitative aspects of diet, cannot be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260949
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Islet amyloid polypeptide in diabetic and non-diabetic Pima Indians (1990)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 33 (1990), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pima Indians ; diabetes mellitus ; pancreatic islets ; islet amyloid ; islet amyloid polypeptide ; insulin resistance ; glucose tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Islet amyloid may have a pathological role in the development of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of islet amyloid has been investigated on post-mortem pancreatic tissue from both diabetic and non-diabetic Pima Indian subjects who had previously been assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests. Islets were examined for amyloid deposits and for cellular immunoreactivity to pancreatic hormones and islet amyloid polypeptide, the constituent peptide of islet amyloid. Twenty of 26 diabetic subjects (77%) had islet amyloid, compared with one of 14 non-diabetic subjects (7%). Twelve of the diabetic subjects (46%) had amyloid in more than 10% of their islets, whereas only 4% of islets were affected in a single non-diabetic subject. Positive immunoreactivity for islet amyloid peptide was present in the islet amyloid and in islet cells in 54% of the diabetic and 50% of the non-diabetic subjects. Islet amyloid in diabetic Pima Indians may indicate a primary Beta-cell defect which interacts with insulin resistance to produce diabetes, or may develop as a result of Beta-cell dysfunction induced by insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403322
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre-diabetic blood pressure predicts urinary albumin excretion after the onset of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 998-1001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Albuminuria ; risk factors ; blood pressure ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; Pima Indians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood pressure was measured in 490 non-proteinuric Pima Indians from the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona at least 1 year before the diagnosis of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Urine albumin concentration was measured in the same subjects 0–24 years (mean 5 years) after diabetes was diagnosed. Prevalence rates of abnormal albumin excretion (albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥100 mg/g) after the onset of Type 2 diabetes were 9%, 16%, and 23%, respectively, for the lowest to highest tertiles of pre-diabetic mean blood pressure. When controlled for age, sex, duration of diabetes and pre-diabetic 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentration, higher pre-diabetic mean blood pressure predicted abnormal urinary excretion of albumin after the onset of diabetes. This finding suggests that the higher blood pressure seen in diabetic nephropathy is not entirely a result of the renal disease, but may precede and contribute to it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374490
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of end-stage renal disease in Pima Indians with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and proteinuria (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 1087-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy ; proteinuria ; end-stage renal disease ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; blood pressure ; Pima Indians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify factors related to the development of end-stage renal disease after the onset of proteinuria, its incidence was determined in 364 Pima Indians aged 35 years or older with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and proteinuria (protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥0.5 g/g). Of these 364 subjects, 95 (36 men, 59 women) developed end-stage renal disease. The cumulative incidence was 40% 10 years after and 61% 15 years after the onset of proteinuria. The incidence of end-stage renal disease was significantly related to the duration of diabetes, the duration of proteinuria, higher 2-h plasma glucose concentration, type of diabetes treatment, and the presence of retinopathy at the time of recognition of the proteinuria, but not to age, sex, or blood pressure. Duration of proteinuria influenced the risk of end-stage renal disease, contingent, however, upon the duration of diabetes at the onset of proteinuria. The higher cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease 15 years after the onset of proteinuria in Pima Indians (61 %) than in Caucasians from Rochester, Minnesota (17%) may be attributable, in part, to the younger age of onset of Type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians than in Caucasians, to ethnic differences in susceptibility to renal disease, or to lower death rates among the Pima Indians from competing causes of death, such as coronary heart disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374503
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The association of physical activity with obesity, fat distribution and glucose intolerance in Pima Indians (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 863-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Physical activity ; obesity ; fat distribution ; glucose intolerance ; Pima Indians ; exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationships between physical activity, obesity, fat distribution and glucose tolerance were examined in the Pima Indians who have the highest documented incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Fasting and 2-h post-load plasma glucose concentrations, body mass index, and waist-to-thigh circumference ratios were determined in 1054 subjects aged 15–59 years. Current (during the most recent calendar year) and historical (over a lifetime) leisure and occupational physical activity were determined by questionnaire. Current physical activity was inversely correlated with fasting and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations, body mass index and waist-to-thigh ratios for most sex-age groups even when diabetic subjects were excluded. Controlled for age, obesity and fat distribution, activity remained significantly associated with 2-h plasma glucose concentrations in males. In subjects aged 37–59 years, individuals with diabetes compared to those without reported significantly less leisure physical activity during the teenage years (median hours per week of activity, 9.1 vs 13.2 for men; 1.0 vs 2.2 for women). Controlled for body mass index, sex, age and waist-to-thigh ratio, subjects who reported low levels of historical leisure physical activity had a higher rate of diabetes than those who were more active. In conclusion, current physical activity was inversely related to glucose intolerance, obesity and central distribution of fat, particularly in males. Subjects with diabetes were currently less active and reported less historical physical activity than non-diabetic subjects. These findings suggest that activity may protect against the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes both directly and through an influence on obesity and fat distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400363
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early and late insulin response as predictors of NIDDM in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance ; insulin response ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Risk factors predicting deterioration to diabetes mellitus were examined in 181 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Fifty-seven subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on one occasion followed by normal glucose tolerance at a repeat oral glucose tolerance test, and 124 subjects had impaired glucose tolerance on two successive oral glucose tolerance tests. Subjects were followed for a median period of 5.0 years (range 1.0–17.2). The age- and sex-adjusted cumulative incidence of diabetes at 10 years of follow-up was higher in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests (70%) than in those whose glucose tolerance was normal at the repeat test (53%), [rate ratio (RR)=1.6, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.0–2.5]. Proportional hazards analyses were used to identify baseline risk factors (measured at the repeat oral glucose tolerance test) for subsequent diabetes, and incidence rate ratios were calculated for the 90th percentile compared with the 10th percentile of each continuous variable for the whole group. In all subjects, in separate models, higher body mass index [RR=2.0, 95% CI=2.2–9.9], high fasting serum insulin concentrations [RR=2.4, 95% CI=1.4–4.2], and low early insulin response [RR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3–0.8] 30 min after a glucose load were significant predictors for deterioration to diabetes. In a multivariate analysis which controlled for age and sex, 120-min post-load glucose, fasting insulin and late insulin response predicted diabetes. In subgroup analyses the predictors of diabetes were generally similar in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance at only one test and those who had impaired glucose tolerance on both tests. These findings suggest that in those subjects with impaired glucose tolerance whose glucose tolerance has returned to normal, the risk of subsequent diabetes is high. Insulin resistance, impaired early insulin response, or both, are predictive of subsequent development of diabetes in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400093
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incidence of end-stage renal disease in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in pima indians (1988)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 31 (1988), S. 730-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: End-stage renal disease ; diabetic nephropathy ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes ; incidence ; Pima Indians
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of end-stage renal disease was determined in the Pima Indians of the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona, a population with a high prevalence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Between 1975 and 1986, from a study population of 5059 subjects, end-stage renal disease occurred in 80 persons, 76 (95%) of whom had Type 2 diabetes. A review of the cases with end-stage renal disease indicated that among the diabetic subjects only two cases could be attributed to nondiabetic renal disease; all other cases were attributable to diabetic nephropathy. In diabetic Pima Indians the incidence rate of end-stage renal disease did not change during the study period, was similar in men and women, and was not effected by age at diagnosis of diabetes or by attained age, but did increase significantly with hypertension (p〈0.05). The incidence of end-stage renal disease attributed to diabetic nephropathy increased from 0 cases/1000 person-years at 0–5 years to 40.8 cases/1000 person-years at ≥ 20 years duration of diabetes. In these subjects with Type 2 diabetes, the incidence rate of end-stage renal disease was similar to that in subjects with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes who were followed at the Joslin Clinic in Boston, Massachusetts when those with similar duration of diabetes were compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00274774
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diabetic nephropathy: a risk factor for diabetes mellitus in offspring (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Familial aggregation ; diabetes mellitus ; nephropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy show familial aggregation. If diabetes and renal disease have independent determinants (genetic or otherwise), offspring of parents with diabetic renal disease should have a similar risk of diabetes to those offspring of parents with diabetes alone. To test this hypothesis, the prevalence of diabetes was examined in a population-based pedigree study in Pima Indian offspring of three mutually exclusive parental types: 1) diabetic with renal disease, 2) diabetic, but without renal disease and 3) non-diabetic. Among offspring of one diabetic parent and one non-diabetic parent (n=320) the prevalence of diabetes at ages 15–24 years and 25–34 years was 0% and 11%, respectively if the diabetic parent did not have renal disease compared with 6% and 28% respectively if the diabetic parent did have renal disease. Corresponding rates for offspring of two diabetic parents (n=121) were 10% and 17%, respectively if neither parent had renal disease compared with 30% and 50%, respectively if one parent did have renal disease. The presence of renal disease in a parent with diabetes relative to diabetes alone was associated with 2.5 times the odds of diabetes (95% confidence interval 1.4–4.3) in the offspring controlled for age, age at onset of parental diabetes and diabetes in the other parent using logistic regression. These findings provide support for parental diabetic renal disease, independent of age at onset of parental diabetes, conferring an increased risk for diabetes in the offspring. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the susceptibility to renal disease in the parents and to diabetes in the offspring are due to shared familial environmental factors or to the same gene or set of genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400098
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA-A2 and Type 2 (insulin independent) diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians: An association of allele frequency with age (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 460-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 diabetes ; HLA-A2 ; age association ; Pima Indians ; diabetes ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Pima Indians with Type 2 (insulin independent) diabetes mellitus, HLA-A2 allele frequencies were inversely associated with age, (0.72, 0.59, and 0.52 in those less than 35, 35 to 54, and 55 years old and over, respectively). This suggests that there may be a gene closely linked with the HLA-A locus which plays a role in the expression of diabetes in the Pimas by contributing to an earlier age of onset. HLA-A2 was found in 65% of 69 non-diabetic and 81% of 191 diabetic subjects (relative risk = 2.2).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257786
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