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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of noradrenaline and somatostatin on basal and stimulated mucosal ion transport in the guinea-pig small intestine (1986)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 333 (1986), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Enteric neurons ; Mucosal transport ; Noradrenaline ; Somatostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Noradrenaline (NA) and somatostatin (SOM) stimulate intestinal water and ion absorption and are found in mucosal nerve fibres and nerve terminals in submucous ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine. As the main projection of submucous neurons is to the mucosa, NA and SOM might alter mucosal transport either by a direct effect on the epithelium or indirectly, by affecting submucous neurons. In this study these two possible sites of action of NA and SOM have been investigated in mucosa-submucosa preparations of guinea-pig ileum. In addition, the actions of NA and SOM on the secretory responses caused by stimulation of different populations of submucous neurons have been studied. The stimulants of secretion used were a nicotinic agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP, 10−5 M), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10−7 M) and electrical field stimulation (EFS), which activate cholinergic, noncholinergic and mixed populations of submucous secretomotor neurons, respectively. Segments of intestine were dissected free of external muscle and myenteric plexus and mounted in Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (I sc) was measured as an indication of net active ion transport across the tissue. NA (≥10−8 M) and SOM (〉10−10 M) each caused a decrease in I sc, indicating a net increase in ion absorption. The NA response was abolished and the magnitude of the SOM response was reduced to 20% by tetrodotoxin (10−7 M). DMPP, 5-HT and EFS each stimulated nerves that increased I sc and each of these responses was significantly diminished by NA and SOM; for both NA and SOM the decrease in the DMPP response was significantly greater than the decrease observed in the response to carbachol (10−6 M). Phentolamine (10−6 M) abolished all of the effects of NA but caused no change in the SOM effects. These studies have shown that NA and SOM cause similar changes in net ion transport, that their actions are primarily on submucous secretomotor neurons and that NA and SOM can diminish the responses to stimulation of both cholinergic and noncholinergic submucous neurons. In this tissue it is also known that SOM coexists with NA in noradrenergic nerve terminals in the submucosa. However, when applied together, NA and SOM caused no greater decrement in the carbachol and 5-HT responses than would be predicted by adding the separate effects of NA and SOM. Hence there was no obvious interaction between NA and SOM effects on mucosal transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that axons containing substance P in the guinea-pig ileum are of intrinsic origin (1979)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 307 (1979), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Substance P ; Intestine ; Autonomic nervous system ; Peptidergic nerves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acid extracts from both normal and extrinsically denervated ileum contained a compound which was indistinguishable from synthetic substance P; this compound was assayed by examining its contractile effect on the longitudinal muscle of segments of ileum in which receptors for acetylcholine and histamine were blocked. Contractions caused by the compound were markedly and selectively antagonized when the ileum was made insensitive to the action of substance P. The activities in the extract and of synthetic substance P were both destroyed by chymotrypsin but were not affected by trypsin or carboxypeptidase B. The concentrations of substance P-like material in normal and extrinsically denervated segments were not significantly different, being equivalent to 0.48 μg of substance P per g of external muscle plus myenteric plexus. A compound with substance P-like activity was liberated by stimulation of intramural nerves, either electrically or by dimethylphenylpiperazinium, in both normal and extrinsically denervated segments of ileum. The release of this compound was prevented by tetrodotoxin and its action on the muscle was blocked when the ileum was made insensitive to the action of substance P. Experiments with transmural stimulation showed that excitatory nerve pathways involving substance P neurons extend for less than 4 cm along the intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00506552
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The peristaltic reflex: An analysis of the nerve pathways and their pharmacology (1976)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 294 (1976), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Autonomic pharmacology ; Peristalsis ; Intestine ; 5-hydroxytryptamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The enteric reflexes in isolated segments of the distal colon and rectum of the guinea-pig were studied by applying localized distensions and recording the consequent changes in circular muscle activity, and by recording tension changes in the circular muscle during the propulsion of a bolus in vitro. Lesions of the wall of the colon were made to locate nerve pathways involved in the reflexes and pharmacological tests were applied to investigate the natures of transmitters released and the types of receptors involved. Distension produced a transient contraction of the circular muscle on the oral side and sustained relaxation on the anal side. Both reflexes were nervemediated. They were elicited in segments deprived of mucosa and submucosa. Interruption of Auerbach's plexus, but not interruption of the submucosal plexus, prevented their conduction. The ascending excitatory reflex was partly blocked by hyoscine and was also partly blocked by methysergide or by making the preparation tachyphylactic to the excitatory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The ascending excitatory pathways apparently involve neurons releasing a 5-HT-like transmitter as well as cholinergic neurons. The descending inhibitory reflex was not antagonized by hyoscine, guanethidine, methysergide or mepyramine. It is assumed that the inhibitory neurons activated in this reflex are identical with the noncholinergic, non-adrenergic, enteric inhibitory neurons found throughout the intestine. If both the ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory reflexes acted simultaneously on the same area of circular muscle, the inhibitory response tended to dominate. Pellets of faeces, covered by a thin layer of resin, were introduced into the oral ends of isolated segments of colon. They were propelled analwards at speeds of 0.5–1.6 mm/s. Tension records showed that the pellets were preceded by relaxation and followed by a ring of contraction. The propulsion was blocked by both hyoscine and methysergide. Descending waves of contraction were also observed in empty segments of colon. These occurred spontaneously or were initiated by stretch. They did not occur in the presence of hyoscine or tetrodotoxin. It is postulated that three factors may contribute to propulsion in the guinea-pig distal colon: ascending excitatory reflexes which evoke contractions above a bolus; descending inhibitory reflexes which cause relaxations below; and contractions which, once set up in the circular muscle, travel in an anal direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692784
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and projections of neurons with immunoreactivity for both gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin in the guinea-pig small intestine (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Neuropeptides ; Gastrin releasing peptide ; Bombesin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bombesin-like and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-like immunoreactivities were localized in nerves of the guinea-pig small intestine and celiac ganglion with the use of antibodies raised against the synthetic peptides. The anti-bombesin serum (preincubated to avoid cross reactivity with substance P) and the anti-GRP serum revealed the same population of neurons. Preincubation of the antibombesin serum with bombesin abolished the immunoreactivity in nerves while absorption of the anti-GRP serum with either bombesin or the 14–27 C-terminal of GRP only reduced the immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity was abolished by incubation with GRP 1–27. Immunoreactive nerves were found in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle, submucous plexus and in the celiac ganglion. Faintly reactive nerve cell bodies were found in the myenteric ganglia (3.2% of all neurons) but not in submucous ganglia. After all ascending and descending pathways in the myenteric plexus had been cut, reactive terminals disappeared in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle (including the deep muscular plexus) and the submucous plexus on the anal side. After the mesenteric nerves were cut no changes were observed in the intestinal wall but the reactive fibres in celiac ganglia disappeared. It is deduced that GRP/bombesin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in myenteric ganglia project from the myenteric plexus to other myenteric ganglia situated further anally (average length 12 mm), anally to the circular muscle (average length 9 mm), anally to submucous ganglia (average length 13 mm) and external to the intestine to the celiac ganglia. It is concluded that the GRP/bombesin-reactive neurons in the intestinal wall represent a distinct population of enteric neurons likely to be involved in controlling motility and in the coordination of other intestinal functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217852
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of enteric nerve cells projecting to the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Prevertebral ganglia ; Retrograde tracing ; Calbindin ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Intestine ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Retrograde tracing, using Fast Blue dye, was employed to determine the distribution of enteric nerve cells that project to the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig. Retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the myenteric but not submucous ganglia. When the superior mesenteric ganglion was injected, labelled neurons were found in low frequencies (less than 5 nerve cell bodies/cm2) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and proximal colon. The distal colon was analysed in five segments of equal length (1–5; oral to anal). Segment 1 had about 4 labelled nerve cells/cm2, whereas segments 2 to 5 displayed an average of about 25 nerve cells/cm2. The rectum contained about 36 labelled neurons/cm2. After injection of the inferior mesenteric ganglia with Fast Blue, no labelled neurons were found in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum or caecum. No labelled cells were observed in the gallbladder. A small number of labelled cells occurred in the proximal colon and in segment 1 of the distal colon. The frequency of labelled cells increased markedly in the more anal regions of the distal colon, and reached a peak in the rectum (138 cells/cm2). Both nerve lesions and immersion of the cut nerve in Fast Blue solution showed that the superior mesenteric nerve carries the axons of neurons located in the middle distal colon to the superior mesenteric ganglion. Almost half of the neurons in the rectum that project to the inferior mesenteric ganglia do so via the hypogastric nerves. Of neurons that projected to the inferior or superior mesenteric ganglia from the colon or rectum, similar proportions (about 75–80%) showed immunoreactivity for calbindin or VIP. For each of the prevertebral ganglia (coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric) the great majority of peripheral inputs arise from the large intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318620
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Enteric nervous system ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Intestinal motility ; Synaptic connections ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Somatostatin immunoreactivity occurs in a specific subgroup of cholinergic descending interneurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig small intestine. In the present work, we made light- and electron-microscopic investigations of chemically defined inputs to these neurons, in order that the origins of the connections of other neurons with them could be deduced. Somatostatin-immunoreactive synapses and close contacts were found on the cell bodies and filamentous processes of somatostatin neurons; these were 84% of all inputs. It is thus confirmed that this class of interneuron forms chains that project anally. Descending interneurons with immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase provided 14% of inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons. An antiserum against a calcium-binding protein, calbindin, was used as marker for the majority of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, AH/Dogiel type II neurons; this class of neurons provided only 2.5% of the inputs to somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons. We conclude that somatostatin-immunoreactive descending interneurons are involved in the conduction of impulses distally along the full length of the small intestine, but receive only a minor input from calbindin-immunoreactive primary afferent neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051171
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, pathways and reactions to drug treatment of nerves with neuropeptide Y- and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the guinea-pig digestive tract (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 71-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Noradrenergic nerves ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Neuropeptide Y ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (PPLI) has been localized in nerves of the guinea-pig stomach and intestine with the use of antibodies raised against avian, bovine and human pancreatic polypeptide (PP), the C-terminal hexapeptide of mammalian PP, and against the related peptide, NPY. Each of the antibodies revealed the same population of neurones. Reactive cell bodies were found in both myenteric (5% of all neurones) and submucous ganglia (26% of all neurones) of the small intestine, and varicose processes were observed in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle, mucosa and around arterioles. The nerves were unaffected by bilateral subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy, but the staining of the periarterial nerves disappeared after treatment of animals with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine and was also absent after mesenteric nerves had been cut and allowed to degenerate. Vascular nerves showing immunoreactivity for dopamine it-hydroxylase and PPLI had the same distribution. It is concluded that PPLI is located in periarterial noradrenergic nerves. However, other noradrenergic nerves in the intestine do not show PPLI, and PPLI also occurs in nerves that are not noradrenergic. Analysis of changes in the distribution of terminals after microsurgical lesions of pathways in the small intestine showed that processes of myenteric PP-nerve cells provide terminals in the underlying circular muscle and in myenteric ganglia up to about 2 mm more anal. Submucous PP-cell bodies provide terminals to the mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217403
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin in human enteric nerves (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Somatostatin immunoreactivity ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Stomach ; Intestine small ; Intestine, large ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves and endocrine cells were localized by use of immunohistochemistry in human stomach, small and large intestine. The nature of the immunoreactivity in acid extracts of separated layers of intestine was determined with separation by high pressure liquid chromatography followed by detection with radioimmunoassay; authentic somatostatin-14 was found in the external musculature, which contains nerves, and in the submucosa and mucosa, which contain both nerve fibres and endocrine cells. The distribution of somatostatin nerves in the gastric antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and sigmoid colon, and rectum is described. In the intestine many positive perikarya and fine varicose fibres were seen. Mucosal fibres formed a sub-epithelial plexus and a looser network in the lamina propria; this nerve supply was less dense in the large intestine. Submucous ganglia contained positive perikarya and terminals; many terminals formed pericellular baskets, mainly around non-reactive cells. A small number of nerve fibres were associated with submucosal blood vessels. The innervation of the circular and longitudinal muscle was sparse. Positive nerve terminals were seen in the myenteric plexus, although fewer than in the submucous ganglia; positive perikarya were scarce in myenteric ganglia. Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves were found in the muscle layers and myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum, but were not detected in the antral mucosa and all layers of the gastric body. The distribution of human enteric somatostatin nerves is compared to that in small laboratory animals, and possible roles for these nerves are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217149
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choline acetyltransferase- and peptide immunoreactivity of submucous neurons in the small intestine of the guinea-pig (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Cholecystokinin ; Neuropeptide Y ; Somatostatin ; Substance P ; Intestine, small ; Submucous ganglia ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were localized immunohistochemically in nerve cell bodies of the submucous ganglia in the small intestine of the guinea-pig. VIP-like immunoreactivity was found in 45% of submucous neurons. ChAT immunoreactivity was observed in a separate group of nerve cells, which made up 54% of the total population. There were three subsets of neurons immunoreactive for ChAT: (1) ChAT neurons that also contained immunoreactivity for each of the peptides CCK, SOM and NPY, representing 29% of all submucous neurons; (2) ChAT neurons that also contained SP-like immunoreactivity, representing 11% of all submucous neurons, and (3) ChAT cells that did not contain any detectable amount of the peptides that were localized in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217152
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurochemically similar myenteric and submucous neurons directly traced to the mucosa of the small intestine (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Cholecystokinin ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Neuropeptide Y ; Somatostatin ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine, small ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY) gave an intense immunohistochemical reaction of certain nerve cells in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the guinea-pig small intestine. Each nerve cell had up to 20 branching, tapering processes that were less than ∼50 μm long and a long process that could be followed for a considerable distance. This morphology corresponds to that of the type-III cells of Dogiel. The long process of each myenteric cell ran through the circular muscle to the submucosa, and in most cases the process could be traced to the mucosa. The submucous nerve cell bodies also had processes that extended to the mucosa. These cell bodies, in both plexuses, also stained with antisera raised against calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and somatostatin (SOM), but did not stain with antibodies against enkephalin, substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide. Thus, it has been possible for the first time to trace the processes of chemically specified neurons through the layers of the intestinal wall and to show by a direct method that CGRP/CCK/ChAT/NPY/ SOM myenteric and submucous nerves cells provide terminals in the mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214637
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