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  • 1
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Laparoscopic surgery ; Surgical trauma ; Inflammatory response ; Crohn's disease ; Granulocyte elastase ; Cytokines ; C-reactive protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess whether systemic proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10), acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein), or granulocyte elastase are valuable indicators for determining the degree of surgical trauma after openvs. laparoscopic-assisted resections in Crohn's disease. METHOD: Eleven patients in each group (open and laparoscopic-assisted surgery) were matched for indication, surgical procedure, and Crohn's disease activity index. Serum IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum C-reactive protein was determined by immunoturbidimetric assay. Plasma granulocyte elastase was determined by immunoactivation immunoassay. Blood was sampled preoperatively, six hours after the operation, and at postoperative Days 1 to 5. RESULTS: IL-4 was not detectable in any sample analyzed. Serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels peaked postoperatively in both groups without significant differences between laparoscopic-assisted (185.6±54.1 pg/ml and 112.1±19.4 pg/ml, respectively; mean ± standard error of the mean) and open surgery (431.1±240.4 pg/ml and 196.7±56.5pg/ml, respectively). Serum C-reactive protein levels also rose postoperatively, with a peak on the second day, but showed similar values after laparoscopic-assisted (107.1±12.1 mg/l) and open (128.3±17.5 mg/l) surgery. Plasma granulocyte elastase levels peaked on the first and second postoperative day and were found elevated almost throughout the five-day observation period. Comparison between the groups revealed significantly (P〈0.02) lower values after laparoscopic-assisted (Day 1, 46.5±8.9 µg/l; Day 2, 41.9±5.9 µg/l) when compared with open surgery (Day 1, 89.7±13.8 µg/l; Day 2, 91.4±14). CONCLUSIONS: Serum IL-6 and IL-10 may not be ideal measures for evaluation of the degree of tissue trauma in laparoscopic-assisted and open resections in Crohn's disease, probably because of interference with disease-specific cytokine interactions. In contrast, granulocyte elastase has to be considered a strong marker discriminating the different severity of surgical trauma induced by laparoscopic-assistedvs. open resection in Crohn's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 53 (1997), S. 294-302 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Vitamin E; α-tocopherol acetate; scavenger; reactive oxygen species; leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction; Kupffer cell; microcirculation; liver.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Starting from the concept that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-associated hepatotoxicity involves the action of reactive oxygen species, the present study was conducted to test whether vitamin E, a lipophilic antioxidant, prevents LPS-induced hepatic microvascular dysfunction and liver injury. Fifty-two rats were divided into three groups and fed diets containing 0 (n=16), 75 (n=18) or 8000 mg (n=18) α-tocopherol acetate/kg food for four weeks. At 1 h and 6 h after intravenous LPS-exposure (10 mg/kg E. coli LPS) hepatic microvascular response and liver injury were assessed by the analysis of Kupffer cell phagocytic activity, leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction and nutritive sinusoidal perfusion (intravital fluorescence epi- illumination technique) as well as bile flow, serum liver enzyme activities and tissue histomorphology. In animals fed with 75 mg vitamin E/kg (standard diet), LPS caused hepatic Kupffer cell activation (increased phagocytic activity) and hepatic microvascular leukocyte activation, with stasis in sinusoids and adherence in postsinusoidal venules (1 h) followed by leukocytic infiltration into tissue (6 h) and progredient sinusoidal perfusion failure (6 h). Hepatic microvascular injury was accompanied by reduced bile flow and enhanced liver enzyme release. Vitamin E-enriched diet (8000 mg/kg) and even vitamin E-deficient diet did not significantly affect LPS-induced hepatic microvascular cell activation and perfusion failure. Thus, we conclude, that vitamin E is not effective to protect from endotoxin-induced hepatic microvascular dysfunction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 1050-1055 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Ischemia-reperfusion ; Microcirculation ; Oxygen radicals ; Chemoattractants ; PMN-endothelium interaction ; No-reflow ; Reflow-paradox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reperfusion after transient tissue ischemia constitutes an irrevocable need to preserve tissue viability. However, release of prolonged ischemia will either result in failure of the microcirculation to reperfusion (no-reflow) and thus the prolongation of hypoxia, or in restoration of blood flow resulting in reoxygenation of the inflicted tissue. While ischemia damages the tissue primarily through hypoxia-induced depletion of energy stores, reoxygenation paradoxically contributes to tissue damage through the formation of oxygen radicals, the release of chemoattractant mediators (TNF, IL-1, LTB4), and the activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Through the action of chemoattractant mediators and the upregulation of leukocytic (CD11/CD18) and endothelial adhesion receptors (ICAM, GMP-140), activated PMNs adhere to the endothelium, release further chemoattractants and oxygen radicals and undertain a vicious circle, which will ultimately result in further tissue damage. Both theno-reflow phenomenon and the events initiated by reflow — termed herein as thereflow-paradox — contribute to the failure of the nutritive microvascular perfusion and loss of tissue viability following ischemia and reperfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 69 (1991), S. 1185-1185 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 77 (1999), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Islet transplantation ; Angiogenesis ; Vascularization ; Cyclosporine A ; Hamster ; Intravital microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied in vivo the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on both pancreatic islet vascularization and microvascular perfusion using intravital fluorescence microscopy and the dorsal skinfold chamber model in Syrian golden hamsters. Syngeneic transplantation was performed in order to exclude allograft- or xenograft-induced microvascular alterations. To study the effect of CsA on islet angiogenesis and vascularization, animals received 20 mg/kg CsA daily from day 0 until day 14 after transplantation (group A). To study toxic effects of CsA on islet microcirculation, the grafts were allowed to vascularize without immunosuppression, and 20 mg/kg CsA was given daily from day 10 until day 20 after transplantation (group B). Quantitative analysis of the process of islet vascularization in group A revealed a functional capillary density (FCD) of 515.6±72.7 cm–1 at day 6 after transplantation without further increase until day 14 (504.3±16.7 cm–1). Islet transplants which were not treated with CsA during the process of angiogenesis/vascularization (group B) demonstrated a slightly but significantly (P〈0.05) higher FCD (604.7±42.5 cm–1) at day 14 after transplantation, indicating slightly improved vascularization when compared to transplants of group A. Additional CsA treatment of these islet grafts until day 20 did not induce derangements of microvascular perfusion (601.2±67.0 cm–1), indicating that the immunosuppressive, drug has no toxic/detrimental effects on the transplants nutritional blood supply. We conclude that CsA only slightly alters the process of final vascularization of freely transplanted islets, and does not deteriorate nutritive perfusion of completely vascularized grafts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Cell surface ; Cell nucleus ; Blebs ; TNF-α ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced apoptosis is associated with several nuclear and cell surface alterations, in particular with the condensation of chromatin and the fragmentation of the cell nucleus, formation of blebs on the cell surface and breakdown of the plasma membrane. However, there is little information about the relationship between the cell surface alterations and the nuclear changes during apoptosis. To study this, cultured WEHI cells were exposed to TNF-α over different time periods. The cytological changes were studied using a correlative approach, which allowed observation of the same cell consecutively under light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The earliest sign of cell alteration was a reduction of the number of microvilli after 15 min of TNF-α exposure. This reaction was reversible (reappearance of microvilli) and took place during the first hour, in which neither nuclear alterations nor plasma membrane breakdown were observed. The changes in the nucleus began with condensation of chromatin after approximately 1 h of TNF-α-exposure. After 4–5 h the microvilli disappeared again, particularly in areas where the formation of blebs (blebbing) was observed. Strikingly, cell surface alterations (bleb formation) were detected only in those cells that presented with condensed chromatin, and not in cells with a normal chromatin pattern, proving at least a close correlation between nuclear and cell surface changes during the process of apoptosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 188 (1988), S. 151-165 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Microcirculation ; Skeletal muscle ; Ischemia ; Reperfusion injury ; Hemodilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reperfusion injury following prolonged ischemia is thought to be caused primarily by microvascular failure. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution with Dextran 60 (hct 30%) could improve microvascular perfusion after 4h of pressure-induced ischemia in skeletal muscle. In 28 Syrian golden hamsters (6–8 weeks/60–80 g b. wt.) a dorsal skinfold chamber and permanent arterial and venous catheters were implanted under Nembutal anesthesia (50 mg/kg b. wt.). Following a recovery period of 48 h pressure-induced ischemia was applied to the skeletal muscle within the skinfold chamber by means of a transparent stamp. Quantitative analyses of microhemodynamics were performed in the awake animal prior to and 15 min, 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after ischemia using vital fluorescence microscopy. In non-treated animals, functional capillary density decreased after 4 h of ischemia to 30% of the initial values (P 〈 0.001); after 24-h reperfusion only 50% of the initially perfused capillaries were reperfused (P 〈 0.001). The heterogeneity of functional capillary density increased after ischemia to a maximum of 2.19 ± 0.94 as compared to 0.48 ± 0.11 prior to ischemia. Capillary RBC-velocity suffered a marked reduction in the early reperfusion phase and did not recover up to the 24-h observation time. In contrast, prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution was associated with only a small and reversible reduction of functional capillary density after 4-h ischemia. At 24-h reperfusion 90% of the initially perfused capillaries were reperfused. Capillary RBC-velocity was reduced in the early reperfusion phase, but returned to normal values within 24h. Thus, prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution resulted in a marked reduction of microvascular reperfusion failure in skeletal muscle. A hematocrit lower than normal prior to ischemia provides better conditions for capillary reperfusion after prolonged ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Koronarbypass ; Zytokine ; Gamma-Hydroxybuttersäure ; Lipopolysaccharid ; Key words Coronary artery bypass ; Cytokines ; Gamma-hydroxybutyrate ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objective: To determine the influence of gamma-hydroxy-butyrate (GHB) on spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in whole blood from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). In addition, the pharmacological modulation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine release by GHB (GHB-Na and GHB-ethanolamide) was characterized in a separate in vitro-assay. Methods: In a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, 12 patients undergoing elective CABG were assigned to receive either saline (control) or GHB-Na (25 mg/kg as loading dose followed by 25 mg/kg/h) intraoperatively. Blood samples were obtained (A) preoperatively, (B) 20 min after ECC and (C) 24 h after ECC. Plasma levels (spontaneous release) as well as LPS-stimulated cytokine secretion were measured in a whole blood culture system ex vivo and correlated with mRNA-expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In addition, the dose-response characteristics of modulation of the cytokine response by GHB was studied in vitro in the same assay. Results: Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated after CABG, while TNF and IL-1β were detectable only occasionally in both groups. Expression of all cytokines studied was significantly reduced upon ex vivo LPS-stimulation at time point B. Despite maintained expression of TNF and IL-1β m-RNA-transcripts upon ex vivo LPS-stimulation in patients treated with GHB, release of the cytokines in the supernatant was decreased to a similar degree as in the control group. Cytokine response upon LPS-stimulation was restored 24 h after CABG for the group mean, however, with substantial individual heterogenity. In vitro, pharmacological doses of GHB-Na (2 mg/ml) attenuated LPS-induced IL-1β release. However, application of the GHB-receptor antagonist NCS-382 caused a nearly complete cessation of IL-1β release in vitro (to 2,5% of control). GHB-ethanolamide (LK 544) did not influence the LPS-stimulated release of the cytokines studied. Conclusion: The results suggest a biphasic response of stimulated PBMC cytokine gene expression during CABG with an initial tolerance to LPS-stimulation shortly after termination of ECC. However, whether or not PBMC express functional GHB receptors remains unclear in light of contradictory effects of the different ligands. In spite of the ex vivo and in vitro results, application of GHB-Na in doses which are primarily based on its use as an anesthetic agent do not seem to modulate the release of the cytokines studied.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Die Untersuchung des Einflusses von Gamma-Hydroxy-Buttersäure (GHB) auf die spontane und durch Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) induzierte Freisetzung der Zytokine Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor alpha (TNF), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) und Interleukin-10 (IL-10) bei aortokoronaren Bypassoperationen (ACB) unter Anwendung der extrakorporalen Zirkulation (EKZ) sowie die Charakterisierung des pharmakologischen Effekts von GHB in 2 Präparationen (GHB-Na und GHB-Ethanolamid) auf die Lipopolysaccharid (LPS)-induzierte Zytokinfreisetzung in vitro. Methodik: In einer prospektiven, randomisierten Doppelblindstudie wurden insgesamt 12 Patienten untersucht, die sich einer elektiven ACB unterzogen. Je 6 Patienten erhielten intraoperativ entweder NaCl 0,9% (Kontrollgruppe) oder GHB-Na (25 mg/kg/h nach einem initialen Bolus von 25 mg/kg). Zu insgesamt 3 Meßzeitpunkten (A=präoperativ, B=20 min nach EKZ, C=24 h postoperativ) erfolgte die Blutentnahme zur Zytokindiagnostik. Die Plasmakonzentrationen (spontane Freisetzung) und die unter LPS-Stimulation beobachtete Freisetzung der verschiedenen Zytokine zu den einzelnen Meßzeitpunkten wurden in einem Vollblutansatz ex vivo gemessen und mit der m-RNA-Expression in peripheren mononukleären Zellen (PBMC) korreliert. Weiterhin erfolgte in einem in vitro-Ansatz die Analyse des pharmakologischen Einflusses von GHB selbst (GHB-Na und GHB-Ethanolamid) auf die LPS-induzierte Zytokinfreisetzung. Ergebnisse: Die Plasmakonzentrationen von IL-6 und IL-10 waren nach Ende der EKZ in beiden Gruppen (Kontrolle und GHB) im Vergleich zum präoperativen Ausgangswert signifikant erhöht, während TNF und IL-1β nur vereinzelt nachweisbar waren. Am Ende der EKZ war zu diesem Meßzeitpunkt die durch LPS stimulierbare Freisetzung aller untersuchten Zytokine ex vivo signifikant gegenüber dem präoperativen Ausgangswert vermindert. Trotz besser erhaltener Stimulierbarkeit der Zytokin-m-RNA war auch bei den mit GHB behandelten Patienten die Ausschüttung der Zytokine ex vivo signifikant gehemmt. Am ersten postoperativen Tag war die stimulierbare Zytokinantwort im statistischen Mittel wieder hergestellt, wobei deutliche interindividuelle Unterschiede auftraten. In vitro (pharmakologischer Dosierungen) bewirkte GHB-Na (2 mg/ml) eine signifikante, selektive Verminderung der Freisetzung von IL-1β, während GHB-Ethanolamid keinerlei Veränderungen der Zytokinantwort bewirkte. Zusätzlich hemmte der kompetitive GHB-Rezeptorantagonist NCS-382 die monozytäre IL-1β-Antwort fast vollständig auf 2,5% des Ausgangswerts ohne NCS. Schlußfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse der Freisetzung verschiedener pro- und antiinflammatorischer Zytokine bei ACB zeigen einen biphasichen Verlauf. Initial kommt es ex vivo zu einer relativen Suppression mit partieller Toleranz gegenüber LPS-Stimulation, die am ersten postoperativen Tag weitgehend überwunden ist. Ob die pharmakologischen Effekte von GHB-Na und NCS-382 auf die IL-1β-Freisetzung monozytärer Zellen über spezifische GHB-Rezeptoren vermittelt sind, muß aufgrund der diskrepanten Ergebnisse offen bleiben. GHB-Na bewirkt in klinisch üblichen Dosierungen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe keine statistisch nachweisbare Modulation der Zytokinfreisetzung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 22 (1996), S. 616-617 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Abdominal aortic aneurysm ; Cytokines ; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ; Ischemia-reperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To characterize the impact of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (AAAR) on spontaneous as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Design: Prospective, controlled in vivo / ex vivo study. Setting: University hospital. Patients and interventions: Whole blood from 14 consecutive patients undergoing AAAR withdrawn prior to surgery (T1), at the end of ischemia (T2), 90 min after declamping (T3) and on the first postoperative day (T4) was cultured in the absence or presence of LPS. Five patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair served as controls. Measurements and results: While tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-10 plasma concentrations did not increase significantly, IL-6 was elevated at each time point, as compared with T1. Despite the spontaneous release of trace amounts of IL-6, the ability of cultured whole blood to mount a cytokine response in vitro to LPS was impaired for all cytokines studied at T2 (TNF –62 %, IL-1 –51 %, IL-6 –20 %, IL-10 –51 %). The stimulated IL-6 response was restored early after declamping (T3: + 56 %) and enhanced 1 day after operation (T4: + 144 %). In contrast, stimulated TNF and IL-1 responses remained depressed at T3 (TNF –48 %, IL-1 –64 %) and T4 (TNF –40 %, IL-1 –24 %). A biphasic pattern was observed for IL-10 with initial depression at T3 (-51 %) and restoration at T4 ( + 40 %). Among the different cytokines monitored, only impaired TNF responsiveness at early reperfusion (T3) correlated with the postoperative course, as reflected by APACHE II. Cytokine response to LPS was maintained or even increased during and after surgery in the whole blood from patients undergoing hernia repair. Conclusions: Despite consistent development of clinical signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and spontaneous release of IL-6 abdominal aortic aneurysm repair produces a state of impaired pro-inflammatory cytokine response upon a subsequent in vitro Gram-negative stimulus. This early impairment of TNF responsiveness seems to correlate with an unfavorable postoperative course.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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