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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionic mechanisms associated with the depolarization by glutamate and aspartate on human and rat spinal neurones in tissue culture (1976)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 363 (1976), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Ionic mechanisms ; Amino acid depolarization ; CNS tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The action of glutamate and aspartate was studied on the membrane potential of human and rat spinal neurones in tissue culture. Both amino acids caused a depolarization of the cell membrane, the size of which was dependent on the concentration of the amino acids in the bathing fluid. In order to study ionic mechanisms associated with the amino acid depolarization, the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid was altered. Removal of sodium ions from the bathing solution reversibly reduced or abolished the depolarization produced by glutamate and aspartate suggesting that the action of these amino acids is associated with an increased sodium permeability. Substituting lithium for sodium ions also reversibly abolished the depolarization by glutamate indicating that in contrast to the effect of lithium on the action potential, this ion cannot replace sodium for the glutamate depolarization. These experiments show that the method of tissue culture is a suitable model to study ionic mechanisms underlying the action of neurotransmitters in the mammalian and especially in the human CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587400
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strychnine and inhibition of bulbar reticular neurones (1973)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 29 (1973), S. 542-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mikroelektrophoretisch verabreichtes Strychnin blockiert in reversibler Weise die synaptische und die durch Glycin erzeugte Hemmung an Hirnstammneuronen der Katze. Aus diesen Befunden geht hervor, dass Glycin wahrscheinlich als hemmende Überträgersubstanz an strychnin-sensitiven Synapsen in der Medulla oblongata wirkt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01926653
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of Spinal Neurones by Glycine (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 215 (1967), S. 1502-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There are considerable difficulties in determining whether the postsynaptic action of glycine is identical with that of the inhibitory transmitter, although both substances clearly hyperpolarize motoneurones. The measurement of "reversal" potentials by passing current through an intracellular ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2151502a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal Basis for the Central Action Of Chlorpromazine (1966)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 212 (1966), S. 1425-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CHXORPROMAZINE is one of the oldest of the tranquillizers, and is still probably the most widely used and most extensively investigated of this class of substances. Despite the fact that it has been in use since 1953, however, we are still ignorant of the precise mode of action on the central ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2121425a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action of GABA and glycine on the membrane potential of cultured astrocytes and the extracellular K+-concentration (1980)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 36 (1980), S. 1396-1396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The depolarization of cultured astrocytes by GABA and glycine correlates in amplitude and time course with the increase of the extracellular K+-concentration during perfusion with these amino acids. It is suggested that the glial depolarization is caused by an efflux of K+ from neighbouring neurones activated by the amino acid transmitters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01960118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The hyperpolarization of spinal motoneurones by glycine and related amino acids (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 235-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motoneurones ; Glycine ; GABA ; Strychnine ; Spinal post-synaptic inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrophoretically administered glycine, β-alanine and GABA hyperpolarize spinal motoneurones in cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. The reversal potential for these hyperpolarizations is similar to that of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Alterations in intracellular K+ and Cl− ion concentrations, and intracellular injection of a series of anions of different hydrated ion size, affect inhibitory and amino acid potentials in the same fashion. Hence it is probable that glycine, β-alanine and GABA produce an alteration in membrane permeability similar to that produced by spinal inhibitory synaptic transmitters. Strychnine reversibly blocks the action of inhibitory transmitters, glycine and β-alanine, but is without effect on the hyperpolarizing action of GABA. These results indicate that glycine may be a major spinal inhibitory transmitter, in which case strychnine affects spinal postsynaptic inhibition by limiting the action of glycine upon subsynaptic inhibitory receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238666
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A pharmacological study of the depression of spinal neurones by glycine and related amino acids (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glycine ; GABA ; Spinal postsynaptic inhibition ; Strychnine ; Enzyme inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An analysis has been made in anaesthetised cats of the depression by glycine and related amino acids of the firing of spinal dorsal horn interneurones, Renshaw cells and cortical neurones. In general, electrophoretically administered glycine was a more potent depressant of interneurones than GABA. The reverse was true for cortical neurones, whereas these two amino acids were approximately equally effective upon Renshaw cells. Strychnine blocked the depressant action of α- and β-amino acids, but not that of γ- and higher ω-amino acids. Only convulsants having a strychnine-like effect on spinal post-synaptic inhibition blocked the action of glycine. The depression of spinal neurones produced by glycine or GABA was not affected by structural analogues of glycine and GABA that were not depressants, or by substances influencing amino acid transport systems. Some evidence was obtained for the enzymic inactivation of electrophoretically administered glycine in spinal tissue. The results are discussed in terms of the involvement of a glycine-like amino acid as a major spinal inhibitory transmitter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235443
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actions of amino acids and convulsants on bulbar reticular neurones (1970)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 111-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Excitant amino acids ; Glycine ; GABA ; Strychnine ; Picrotoxin ; Brain stem neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study has been made of the actions of microelectrophoretically administered amino acids and convulsants on spontaneous and glutamate- (or DLH-) induced firing of bulbar reticular neurones in unanaesthetized, decerebrate, cats. DLH was a more potent excitant than glutamate and aspartate on almost all the neurones tested. Although glutamate was usually more effective than aspartate, their relative potencies were often similar. Glycine, β-alanine and GABA depressed the majority of neurones tested (93%, 89% and 75%, respectively), and had no action on the remainder. Glycine was invariably more potent than β-alanine, which was usually more potent than GABA. Strychnine reversibly blocked the depressant actions of glycine and β-alanine but not that of GABA. Electrophoretically administered picrotoxin slightly reduced the depression caused by glycine and GABA on less than half the neurones tested. Intravenously injected picrotoxin (0.3–5 mg/kg) did not block the effects of these amino acids. A comparison of the results with those obtained in the spinal cord provides some evidence that glycine may be an inhibitory transmitter substance released on bulbar reticular neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234317
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoradiographic localization of binding sites for muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and antagonists on cultured astrocytes (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 71 (1988), S. 450-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Binding ; 3H-acetylcholine ; 3H-nicotine ; Muscarinic antagonists ; Tissue culture ; Brain stem ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of cholinergic binding sites was studied in organotypic cultures of rat spinal cord and brain stem by means of autoradiography with radiolabelled muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and antagonists. Many astrocytes in both types of cultures showed intense labelling by 3H-acetylcholine in the presence of nicotine and the muscarinic antagonists 3H-pirenzepine, 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate and 3H-propylbenzilcholine mustard. Incubation of the cultures with 3H-nicotine or 3H-acetylcholine in the presence of atropine also caused labelling of astrocytes. In addition to glial cells, many neurones showed binding of muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and antagonists. From our results it is suggested that astrocytes, besides neurones, possess both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247507
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical studies on the cellular localization of GABAA-receptors in explant cultures of rat central nervous system using a monoclonal antibody (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 82 (1990), S. 667-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Monoclonal antibody ; GABAA-receptors ; Tissue cultures ; Spinal cord ; Brain stem ; Cerebellum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Explant cultures of rat spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum were used to visualize GABAA-receptors by means of immunohistochemistry. For these studies we have incubated the cultures with the monoclonal antibody bd 17 against the β-subunit of the GABAA/benzodiazepine/chloride channel complex. In spinal cord cultures, many interneurones were immunoreactive whereas only a small number of large neurones, probably motoneurones was specifically stained. In brain stem cultures, groups of large and medium-sized neurones showed immunoreactivity. In cultures of cerebellum, a great number of neurones was specifically stained. Granule cells showed the strongest immunoreactivity whereas other neurones, presumably Purkinje cells and interneurones, were only moderately stained. The immunoreactivity was mainly confined to the cell bodies of the neurones while their processes were only weakly or not stained. In contrast to neurones, no immunoreactivity could be detected on astrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228810
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