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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract : Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of CSF has been used in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). One of the two diagnostic protein spots was identified as isoform(s) of the 14-3-3 family of abundant brain proteins. This has led to the development of one-dimensional 14-3-3 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblot, which is currently used to support the diagnosis of CJD. In the present study employing western blot analysis, we have identified the panel of 14-3-3 isoforms that appear in the CSF of 10 patients with CJD compared with 10 patients with other dementias. The results clearly show that the 14-3-3 isoforms β, γ, ε, and η are present in the CSF of patients with CJD and can be used to differentiate other dementias. 14-3-3η also gave a baseline signal in all patients with other dementias, including six patients with Alzheimer's disease. The presence of 14-3-3η in the CSF of a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis was particularly noteworthy. This study has determined that isoform-specific 14-3-3 antibodies against β, γ, and ε should be considered for the neurochemical differentiation of CJD from other neurodegenerative diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Human lumbar CSF patterns of Aβ peptides were analysed by urea-based β-amyloid sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with western immunoblot (Aβ-SDS–PAGE/immunoblot). A highly conserved pattern of carboxyterminally truncated Aβ1–37/38/39 was found in addition to Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42. Remarkably, Aβ1–38 was present at a higher concentration than Aβ1–42, being the second prominent Aβ peptide species in CSF. Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 12) and patients with chronic inflammatory CNS disease (CID, n = 10) were differentiated by unique CSF Aβ peptide patterns from patients with other neuropsychiatric diseases (OND, n = 37). This became evident only when we investigated the amount of Aβ peptides relative to their total Aβ peptide concentration (Aβ1–x%, fractional Aβ peptide pattern), which may reflect disease-specific γ-secretase activities. Remarkably, patients with AD and CID shared elevated Aβ1–38% values, whereas otherwise the patterns were distinct, allowing separation of AD from CID or OND patients without overlap. The presence of one or two ApoE ε4 alleles resulted in an overall reduction of CSF Aβ peptides, which was pronounced for Aβ1–42. The severity of dementia was significantly correlated to the fractional Aβ peptide pattern but not to the absolute Aβ peptide concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Psychiatry Research 34 (1990), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 0165-1781
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Glucocorticoid receptors ; aging
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 9 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The appetite and weight regulating peptide leptin was associated recently with alcohol craving during withdrawal. Nevertheless, correlations were only significant with craving displayed on the visual analogue scale for maximum craving during the previous week (VAS), and not if assessed with the highly validated Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). The objective of the following study, therefore, is to elucidate further the associations between the leptin system and craving concepts during alcohol withdrawal. A sufficiently large sample size should allow multiple statistical subgroup and confounder analyses. We prospectively investigated 102 chronic alcoholic inpatients (23 females, 79 males) during withdrawal on days 0 (admission), 1, 2 and days 7 - 10. In addition to the statistical analysis of the total sample, females and males were to be analysed separately. For detecting associations between leptin levels and craving scores multiple regression analysis was performed. Plasma leptin levels were determined, and craving for ethanol was assessed by both the OCDS and the VAS. Leptin plasma levels significantly increased during alcohol withdrawal compared to day 0, while all craving scores decreased. Body mass corrected leptin plasma levels predicted craving on day 0 in the OCDS total score (R  = 0.55, F  = 7.91, df = 1.19, p  〈 0.05) and in the OCDS obsessive subscore (R  = 0.57, F 〈 = 8.48, df = 1.19, p  〈 0.05) in females. Neither in males nor in the total population did multiple regression analysis reveal any significant results. Leptin levels seem to change during inpatient alcohol withdrawal. In a multivariate model, correlations between leptin levels and the highly validated craving scores of the OCDS can only be assumed in females. Hence, gender differences have to be taken into account when searching for neurobiological models of alcohol craving.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Advanced glycation endproducts ; AGE ; Alzheimer-Erkrankung ; Ätiologie ; Biochemische Hypothesen ; Key words Advanced glycation endproducts ; AGE ; Alzheimer's disease ; Biochemical hypotheses ; Etiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Despite intense efforts, it has not yet been possible to clarify the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia. There are, however, hypotheses which focus on certain aspects of this type of dementia, characterized by particular neuropathological alterations and clinical correlates. Recently, evidence has accumulated that advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) could play an important role in the etiology of the Alzheimer's syndrome. AGEs are generated by an irreversible reaction through the non-enzymatic, long-term glycosylation of proteins. They are strongly resistent to proteolytic processes and induce protein crosslinking. They could thus inhibit the physiological functions of many proteins. Moreover, it is suggested that they contribute to the transformation of the soluble form of β-amyloid into its unsoluble version. AGEs are also demonstrable in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). A further mechanism by which AGEs might be pathogenic is via their induction of oxidative stress. AGEs probably exert their pathological effects not only directly because of their chemical properties, but also by indirect receptor-mediated mechanisms. Further investigation of AGE-mediated mechanisms should reveal their role in the etiopathogenesis of the Alzheimer's syndrome and, finally, lead to the development of new pharmacological strategies aimed at inhibiting protein cross-linking.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Trotz intensiver Bemühungen ist es bislang nicht gelungen, die Ätiopathogenese des Alzheimer-Syndroms endgültig aufzuklären. Es existieren Hypothesen, die zumindest Teilaspekte dieser mit charakteristischen neuropathologischen Veränderungen und typischer klinischer Symptomatik einhergehenden Demenzerkrankung erklären können. In jüngster Zeit häufen sich Hinweise darauf, daß AGE (advanced glycation endproducts) in der Krankheitsentstehung des Alzheimer-Syndroms eine wichtige Rolle spielen könnten. AGE entstehen in einer irreversiblen Reaktion durch nicht-enzymatische, über einen längeren Zeitraum verlaufende Glykosylierung von Proteinen. Sie sind sehr resistent gegenüber proteolytischen Prozessen und induzieren Proteinvernetzungen (crosslinking). Dadurch können sie die physiologische Funktion vieler Proteine hemmen. Darüber hinaus wird vermutet, daß sie zur Umwandlung der löslichen Form des β-Amyloids in die unlösliche Form beitragen können. Auch in den neurofibrillären Tangles (NFT) konnten AGE nachgewiesen werden. Ein weiterer Pathomechanismus der AGE könnte in der Induktion von oxidativem Streß bestehen. Pathologische Effekte üben die AGE vermutlich nicht nur direkt aufgrund ihrer chemischen Eigenschaften aus, sondern auch über indirekte rezeptorvermittelte Mechanismen. Eine verstärkte Erforschung der Bedeutung von AGE in der Ätiopathogenese des Alzheimer-Syndroms könnte auch zur Entwicklung neuer pharmakotherapeutischer Strategien beitragen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Affective Disorders 22 (1991), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 0165-0327
    Keywords: Antidepressants ; Binding ; Depression ; Glucocorticoid receptors
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0165-0327
    Keywords: Cell mediated immunity ; Clinical recovery ; Glucocorticoid receptor ; Lymphocyte transformation test ; Major depression
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0165-0327
    Keywords: Cell-mediated immunity ; Glucocorticoid receptor ; Glucocorticoids ; Lymphocyte transformation test ; Major depression
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Lectins ; Glucocorticoids ; Atopic dermatitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of glucocorticoids administered in vivo and in vitro on lectin-induced proliferation of lymphocytes sampled from venous blood were investigated in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and in normal controls. Stimulation by concanavalin A (Con A), phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in patients and controls did not differ significantly under base-line conditions. After in vivo administration of methylprednisolone the decline of Con A-induced blastogenesis of leucocytes was similar in both groups, whereas PHA stimulation caused a significant reduction in the controls only. In vitro addition of different dexamethasone concentrations had a pronounced suppressive effect on Con A- and PHA-induced blastogenesis in both groups, whereas PWM stimulation was unaffected. Pretreatment in vivo with methylprednisolone further decreased the suppression of the Con A and PHA lymphocyte proliferation rate by dexamethasone added in vitro in controls but not in patients. With regard to B-cell proliferation generated by PWM, no consistent glucocorticoid effect could be observed. The impaired effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis of glucocorticoids administered in vivo, in contrast to a normal in vitro reaction to dexamethasone, together with recent findings of an altered glucocorticoid receptor pharmacology in AD, points to a decreased biological in vivo efficiency of methylprednisolone in atopic dermatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Apoptosis ; Bcl-2 ; Bax ; Bcl-x
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the substantia nigra of three Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and three age-matched individuals by in situ DNA-end labeling (ISEL) and immunohistochemistry for the apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-x on 50 consecutive sections per patient. No melanin-containing cell was identified with typical apoptotic changes in either patient or control substantia nigra. With prolonged reaction-time the terminal transferase-mediated DNA-end labeling revealed a signal in 2.0 ± 1.2% melanin-containing cells in PD compared to 1.3 ± 1.1% in control. This difference did nor reach statistical significance and no condensation or margination of the chromatin was evident. No significant changes of any of the apoptosis regulating proteins were apparent in PD substantia nigra. These findings do not support the hypothesis that apoptosis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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