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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 1 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Heart transplantation (HTX) is a relatively new therapy that is gaining popularity for the treatment of end-stage myocardial failure in adults. This report focuses on our anaesthetic experiences in management of heart transplantation in children. Ten patients ranging in age from 5 days to 5 years and in weight from 3 to 16 kg were studied. Transplantation was successful in six cases (60%), two children died intra-operatively, most likely due to an acute right heart failure, one patient died in the post-operative period, and one child died after 2 months due to pulmonary emboli. Catecholamines were administered to eight of the patients before induction of anaesthesia. Inotropic support during and after weaning off cardiopulmonary bypass was necessary in all cases using either dobutamine and/or adrenaline. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, enoximone, was administered in five patients. Prostaglandin E1 was used in four patients to reduce afterload of the right ventricle. Cardiac transplantation offers a challenge for the anaesthetist in the pre-bypass period as well as in the weaning and early post-bypass period. Experience is necessary to optimize anaesthetic management of these children.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter NO-Inhalation ; Pulmonale Hypertonie ; Herzchirurgie ; Key words NO inhalation ; Pulmonary hypertension ; Heart surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The right ventricle is more jeopardized by a cardiopulmonary bypass than the left one. Impaired right ventricular performance may profit from an afterload reduction. A selective reduction in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) or pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) without impairment of the systemic circulation seems to be possible by inhalation of nitric oxide (NO). Therefore in the present study we looked for influences of NO inhalation on PAP, PVR and right heart parameters immediately after weaning from the bypass. The dependence of endothelial function on age, preoperative heart function and extracorporeal circulation is well established. The relevance of such parameters on NO inhalation was also investigated. Methods. After ethical approval and informed consent were obtained, 20 patients with moderately increased PAP were included in the study. Ten patients inhaled NO at a concentration of 30 ppm; the other group served as a control group. Measurement points were 10 min after the end of extracorporeal circulation (baseline), 3, 10, and 20 min after the start, as well as 10 min after the end of NO inhalation. NO was injected near the tube into the tubing system during inspiration; dosage and monitoring of the concentration were achieved by means of a chemiluminometer. Measured parameters consisted of PAP, PVR, right ventricular ejection fraction and volumes, systemic blood pressure and resistance, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and oxygenation parameters (paO2, pvO2, paCO2). Results. The decrease in PAP (from 29.7±3.9 to a minimal 25.4±4.3 mm Hg, P〈0.05) and in PVR (from 169.4±51.9 to a minimal 116.3± 60.9 dyn·s·cm−5, P·0.05) did not improve right heart function. A similar significant increase in SVR was observed in the NO group and in the control group. Age, haemodynamic parameters or duration of the ischaemic phase of the cardiopulmonary bypass did not influence the course of PAP or PVR. Changes in PAP (from 30.0±4.0 to a minimal 26.7±3.6 mm Hg, P〈0.05) and PVR (from 149.0±41.5 to a minimal 125.2±51.5 dyn·s·cm−5, in the control group were not statistically different from those in the NO group. Indicators of intoxication like an increase in NO2 or methaemoglobin concentrations or changes in compliance or resistance were not observed. Conclusions. Patients with moderate pulmonary hypertension did not profit from NO inhalation immediately after weaning from the cardiopulmonary bypass. The decreases in PAP and PVR found in the NO or control group did not improve right-heart function. When the NO and control group were compared, specific effects of NO inhalation on PAP and PVR must be questioned This could perhaps be explained by data from animal experiments, which found high endogenous NO levels in situations with elevated cytokine levels. Cytokines are increased after extracorporeal circulation. Oxygenation was not impaired by inhalation of relatively high concentrations of NO. For all investigations with NO inhalation not preceded by steady-state conditions, a control group is recommended.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der rechte Ventrikel ist durch extrakorporale Zirkulation (EKZ) mehr gefährdet als der linke. Eine beeinträchtigte rechtsventrikuläre Funktion kann von einer Senkung der Nachlast profitieren. Durch Inhalation von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) kann ein pulmonaler Hypertonus ohne Auswirkungen auf den Systemkreislauf gesenkt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde deshalb der Einfluß einer NO-Inhalation auf pulmonalarteriellen Druck (PAP), pulmonalvaskulären Widerstand (PVR) und Rechtsherzparameter unmittelbar nach EKZ untersucht. An der Studie nahmen 20 Patienten mit mäßiggradigem pulmonalen Hochdruck teil. 10 Patienten inhalierten 30 ppm NO, die anderen dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Meßzeitpunkte lagen 10 min nach EKZ (Ausgangswerte), 3, 10 und 20 min nach Start sowie 10 min nach Beendigung der NO-Inhalation. Es fand sich ein signifikanter Abfall von PAP und PVR ohne begleitende Verbesserung der Rechtsherzfunktion. In der Kontrollgruppe wurden Veränderungen von PAP und PVR in vergleichbarer Größenordnung beobachtet. Es ist somit fraglich, ob die beobachteten Effekte spezifisch für die NO-Inhalation sind. Hohe endogene NO-Konzentrationen in dieser Phase, wie im Tierexperiment gefunden, könnten dieses Verhalten erklären. Eine klinische Verbesserung der Rechtsherzfunktion nach EKZ konnte bei unseren Patienten durch NO-Inhalation nicht erreicht werden.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Herztransplantation ; Neugeborene ; Säuglinge ; hypoplastisches Linksherzsyndrom ; Prostaglandin E1 ; Enoximon ; Key words Paediatric heart transplantation ; Hypoplastic left heart syndrome ; Prostaglandin E1 ; Enoximone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Paediatric cardiac transplantation (pHTX) has gained widespread acceptance as a therapy in end-stage myocardial failure and some forms of congenital heart disease, particularly hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). The major problems to the anaesthesiologist in these patients are induction of anaesthesia in infants with HLHS and treatment of pulmonary hypertension in the early post-bypass period. Patients and methods. Anaesthesia for pHTX was performed in 15 children 〈1 year of age (4–237 days); 12 suffered from HLHS, 2 from endocardial fibroelastosis, and 1 from dilatative cardiomyopathy. Induction of anaesthesia in patients with HLHS is a challenge to the anaesthesiologist, as he has to maintain the delicate balance between pulmonary and systemic blood flow. Anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl (10–15 μg/kg) and pancuronium (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) and maintained with fentanyl (total dosage 70–100 μg/kg). Modification of ventilatory parameters such as FiO2, PaCO2, and airway pressure (PEEP, I:E ratio) was used to influence systemic and pulmonary blood distribution in the pre-bypass period according to changes in haemodynamics (target: O2 saturation ∼75%–80%, PaCO2 45–50 mmHg). Treatment of pulmonary hypertension in the weaning and early post-bypass period consisted of respiratory (PaCO2 〈30 mmHg) and metabolic alkalinisation (pH 7.45–7.55, BE 〉+3 mmol/l), the use of prostaglandin E1 (3–6–12 μg/kg·h), and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor enoximone (10–15 μg/kg·min). Additional positive inotropic support was achieved with dobutamine (5–10 μg/kg·min), adrenaline (0.1–0.5 μg/kg·min), and/or orciprenaline (0.1–0.2 μg/kg·min) and calcium chloride (25–100 mg/ kg). Results. Two children died intraoperatively and 1 on the 1st postoperative day from overwhelming pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure. Three children died between 3 and 4 weeks postoperatively, 1 from cytomegalovirus infection, 1 from sepsis, and 1 from acute rejection. Nine patients survived and are well up to 5.5 years after transplantation. Conclusion. Pulmonary hypertension in the weaning and early post-bypass period is the main anaesthesiological problem of pHTX, particularly in children with HLHS. A polypragmatic approach to this problem consisting of alkalinisation, pulmonary vasodilatation, and inotropic support is presented and seems to be effective. Further improvements in concepts of pHTX are limited by the lack of donor organs. Though the experience with pHTX in neonates and infants is growing slowly, it might be a routine procedure from the anaesthesiological point of view within a few years in some selected centres.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die orthotope Herztransplantation hat sich auch für das Neugeborenen- und Säuglingsalter zu einer akzeptierten Behandlungsmethode bei hypoplastischem Linksherzsyndrom (HLHS) oder Kardiomyopathien (CM) entwickelt. Das anästhesiologische Vorgehen bei 15 Transplantationen bei Kindern unter einem Jahr wird beschrieben. 12 Kinder litten unter HLHS, die anderen unter CM. Fentanyl wurde zur Narkoseeinleitung (10–15 μg/kg) und -führung (70–100 μg/kg) als Mononarkotikum eingesetzt. Die Stabilität der Hämodynamik in dieser Phase ist stark von Beatmungskonzepten abhängig. In der Phase der Beendigung der extrakorporalen Zirkulation wurden zur Therapie der rechtsventrikulären Nachlasterhöhung nach konsequenter respiratorischer und metabolischer Alkalisierung Prostaglandin E1 (3–6–12 μg/kg/h), Enoximon (10–15 μg/kg/min) und in zwei Fällen Tolazolin (0,025 μg/kg/min) eingesetzt. Positiv inotrope Unterstützung erfolgte in allen Fällen. Eingesetzt wurden Dobutamin (5–10 μg/kg/min), Adrenalin (0,1–0,5 μg/kg/min) und Orciprenalin (0,1–0,2 μg/kg/min). In 3 Fällen war eine passagere, in einem Fall eine permanente (A-V-)-Schrittmachertherapie erforderlich. 2 Patienten konnten aufgrund eines rechtsventrikulären Versagens nicht von der EKZ entwöhnt werden. Ein weiterer Patient starb am ersten postoperativen Tag an einem Rechtsherzversagen. Die derzeitige Überlebensrate beträgt 60% bei einem Beobachtungszeitraum bis zu 5 1 / 2  Jahren.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Cardiac surgery ; Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: piroximone, enoximone ; Platelets ; Aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective Some phosphodiesterase (PDE)-inhibitors are believed to alter platelet count and function due to changes in intracellular cAMP. Whether newly developed (specific) PDE-inhibitors negatively influence platelet function in cardiac surgery should be investigated in a randomized study. Methods Eighty patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass grafting were divided into 4 groups and received either the new PDE-III-inhibitor piroximone (group 1), the PDE-III-inhibitor enoximone (group 2), epinephrine (group 3) or no inotropic support (control). PDE-III-inhibitors were given as a bolus followed by infusion until starting of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In addition to platelet count and a thrombelastogram, platelet function was assessed by aggregometry (ADP, epinephrine, collagen). Measurements were done before, during and after CPB until the 1st postoperative day. Results Platelet count and postoperative blood loss did not differ between the groups within the entire investigation period. Maximum aggregation and maximum gradient of platelet aggregation to all stimuli were not changed by either PDE-inhibitor enoximone or piroximone. CPB resulted in a significant decrease of all aggregation variables which was without differences due to treatment. Platelet aggregation recovered in the post-bypass period and exceeded baseline values on the 1st postoperative day. Conclusion It is concluded that enoximone and the new PDE-III-inhibitor piroximone do not affect platelet function and can be used before CPB without risking plateletrelated bleeding in cardiosurgical patients in the perioperative period.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Surgery: cardiac ; Platelets ; Aggregation ; Platelet size ; Coagulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective Platelet dysfunction secondary to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is one of the major reasons for nonsurgical post-operative bleeding in cardiac surgery. Whether platelet size is an indicator for platelet function was investigated in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Design Prospective study. Setting Intra-operative, cardiac surgery operations. Patients 80 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Excluding criteria were pre-operative coagulation disorders and medication with anticoagulants within the last 10 days before the operation day. Measurements and results Platelet function was assessed by aggregometry using a turbidimetric method (inductors: ADP 2.0 μmol/l, collagen 4 μg/l, epinephrine 25 μmol/l). Mean platelet volume (MPV) was measured by an electrical conductivity method. Measurements were carried out before, during, and after CPB until the 1st post-operative day on intensive care unit (ICU). Platelet size decreased significantly during CPB (max. −25% after weaning from bypass) and returned to baseline values on the 1st post-operative day. Platelet count (ranging from 93–304×109/l) did not correlate significantly with MPV or aggregation variables. Maximum aggregation and maximum gradient of aggregation induced by ADP and collagen were significantly decreased by CPB with the most pronounced reduction at the end of CPB (ranging from −25% to −45%). Analyses of co-variance revealed a significant correlation between changes in MPV and changes in aggregation variables (ADP, collagen). Conclusion Platelet volume is easy to measure even in the operation room or in ICU and may indicate abnormalities in platelet function in the post-bypass period of cardiac surgery patients.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Enoximone ; theophylline ; aorto-coronary bypass ; phosphodiesterase inhibitors ; catecholamine release ; haemodynamics ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The release of endogenous catecholamines in aorto-coronary bypass graft patients receiving either 0.5 mg/kg enoximone (n=10), 4.0 mg/kg theophylline (n=10) or saline solution (control,n=10) has been studied, as well as certain haemodynamic parameters. Adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) concentrations were not significantly changed by the administration of enoximone. Theophylline caused a small increase in NA (+ 40% in the 1st min) and a marked increase in A (approximately + 7000% in the 1st min), which still remained elevated at the end of the investigation period (+ 220% in the 30th min). The major haemodynamic effects of enoximone were a significant increase in cardiac index (CI; + 35%) and a decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP; −27%), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP; −21%), RVEDV and RVESV, while the heart rate (HR) remained almost unchanged. The dominant haemodynamic effects of theophylline were an increase in HR (+ 26%; arrhythmia in 3 patients), PAP (+ 22%), and RVEDV (+ 19%), while REVESV (+ 26%), MAP (−16%), CI (−14%), and RVEF (−15%) fell significantly. It is concluded that the haemodynamic actions of enoximone are not mediated by catecholamine release, whereas the adverse cardiovascular effects of theophylline might partly be explained by the significant increase in plasma adrenaline.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1615-5939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To attain satisfactory results in aortic arch surgery a reliable method of cerebral protection, avoidance of emboli, and control of hemorrhage is mandatory. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is the most common technique at present but gives only a limited period of protection, whereas a complicated aortic arch operation may require more time than anticipated. Therefore the selective cannulation and perfusion of the innominate artery has not been widely used until now because it is uncertain whether the left hemisphere of the brain is adequately perfused. Between 1990 and 1995, 21 of 69 patients within the last 36 months, consisting of 15 men and 6 women averaging 45±13.4 years, underwent operative treatment for aneurysm (n=9) or type A dissection (n=12) involving the aortic valve and aortic arch; selective innominate perfusion (SCP [i]) in moderate hypothermia (28°C) for brain protection was used. Extended perioperative monitoring included bilateral somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP), transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), a computer-aided topographical electroencephalometry (CATEEM), and analysis of the arterial and venous oxygen saturation and desaturation. Mean time periods were 229.7±56.5 minutes for extracorporeal circulation, 151.7±34.1 minutes for aortic cross-clamping, and 67.05±34.03 for selective cerebral perfusion via the innominate artery. Not once did the intraoperative monitoring reveal hints of cerebral damage due to inadequate perfusion. All patients survived surgery but two could not be weaned from the respirator; one died 2 days and the other 6 days after the operation due to multiple organ failure (MOF). Another two patients died after 13 days due to untreatable septic syndrome with pulmonary insufficiency. All four patients died within 30 days, during which time they had aortic dissection involving the complete aortic arch and severe aortic valvular incompetence (grade IV). There was no late death and follow-up time of 19.76±8.04 months revealed an overall mortality rate of 19%. Only temporary neurological affections (left-sided hemiparesis) were found in two patients (9.5%). Additionally, we observed neuropsychological disturbances in one of these. Our first experience with selective cerebral perfusion via innominate artery and the attendant CATEEM monitoring for assessment of adequate bilateral cerebral perfusion suggests that this method is a useful addition to the armamentarium in complicated aortic arch surgery.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Heart transplantation – newborns – infants – results ; Schlüsselwörter Herztransplantation – Neugeborene –– Säuglinge – Ergebnisse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von Juni 1988 bis Dezember 1996 wurden am Kinderherzzentrum Gießen 36 Patienten, im Alter von weniger als einem Jahr, einer Herztransplantation zugeführt. Zugrundeliegende Diagnosen waren ein hypoplastisches Linksherzsyndrom (n = 26), Endokardfibroelastose (n = 4), Kardiomyopathie (n = 3) und komplexe Vitien (n = 3). Die mittlere Wartezeit von Transplantation betrug 52 Tage, das Verhältnis der Körpergewichte von Spender zu Empfänger lag im Mittel bei 1,8. Sieben Patienten (19%) verstarben nach Transplantation, überwiegend innerhalb des ersten Monats nach der Transplantation. Die kumulative Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit liegt im Geamtkollektiv bei 79%. Der Einfluß zunehmender Erfahrung zeigt sich beim Vergleich der Patienten mit Transplantationen von 1988 bis 1993 (n ? 15) und von 1994 bis 1996 (n = 21). Während im ersten Zeitraum lediglich 50% überlebten, betrug die Überlebensrate der später transplantierten Kinder 92%, die 1-Jahres-Überlebensrate lag bei 100%. Bei 20 Patienten traten insgesamt 31 Abstoßungsepisoden auf, wobei 2 Säuglinge verstarben. 71% aller Abstoßungen traten innerhalb des ersten Monats nach der Transplantation auf. Die Nierenfunktion ist ein Jahr nach der Transplantation nur mäßiggradig eingeschränkt ohne Tendenz zur Verschlechterung. Die somatische Entwicklung verläuft bei nahezu allen Kindern perzentilengerecht. Die Lebensqualität der Patienten nach der Transplantation ist ausgezeichnet. Alle Patienten leben ohne Einschränkungen zu Hause. Bei zwei Patienten liegt allerdings ein neurologisches Defizit vor. Bislang gibt es im Gesamtkollektiv keine Anzeichen für eine Transplantatvaskulopathie oder eine maligne Erkrankung. Eine Herztransplantation stellt nach diesen Ergebnissen eine überdenkenswerte Alternative in der Behandlung sehr komplexer Vitien und Kardiomyopathien im Neugeborenen- und Säuglingsalter dar.
    Notes: Summary From June 1988 to December 1996 heart transplantations were performed in 36 newborns and infants below one year of age. Diagnosis were hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 26), endocardial fibroelastosis (n = 4), cardiomyopathy (n = 3), and other complex congenital heart defects (n = 3). Mean waiting time for transplantation was 52 days, the mean donor-recipient bodyweight ratio was 1.8. Seven patients (19%) died after transplantation mainly within the first month after transplantation. The cumulative probability of survival is 79% in all patients. The influence of increasing experience is indicated when patients transplanted from 1988–1993 (n = 15) are compared with transplants from 1994–1996 (n = 21). The overall survival in the first group was 50%, whereas patients transplanted from 1994 showed a probability of survival of 92%. The 1-year survival rate in the later group was 100%. In 20 patients a total of 31 rejection episodes were observed; 2 infants died due to rejection. 71% of all rejections occurred during the first month after transplantation. Renal function was slightly impaired one year after transplantation in all patients without tendency for deterioration in the sequel. The somatic development is normally in nearly all infants and the quality of life is excellent. All infants live at home without any restrictions. Two patients, however, suffer from a neuralogic deficit. Until now there is no evidence of coronary vascular disease or malignancy. Heart transplantation is in our opinion a reconsiderable alternative in the treatment of complex cardiac disease and cardiomyopathy in infants.
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