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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 15 (1967), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 50 clinically healthy patients, in whom an alteration of the alkaline leucocyte phosphotase was not to be expected, the authors performed dual determinations of this enzyme by using two test methods at five different times during the day. The authors obtained the following results: 1. The activity index originally produced more information than the percentage of enzyme positive neutrophiles. This, however, is reduced by index formation. Both characters show a non-linear relationship and are connected quite closely. 2. The measuring error (expressed as standard deviation) in dual determination on the same blood sample is 6.18 units for the activity index and 2.29 units for the percentage of enzyme positive neutrophiles. 3. Both methods fail to demonstrate changes of the alkaline leucocyte phosphotase that depend on the time of the day and exceed accidental evaluations. 4. Both counting methods show a positive correlation to the gammaglobulin values obtained by paper-electro-phoresis. In the case of percentage contents the significance level is exceeded. We were unable to show a relationship to other biochemical dates such as for instance to the alkaline serum phosphotase. All in all, the determination of the percentage of enzyme positive neutrophils is adequate for routine use. It can be performed considerably more rapidly than the determination of the activity index and contains practically the same information.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 50 klinischen Normalpatienten, bei denen keine Veränderung der alkalischen Leukozytenphosphatase zu erwarten war, wurden Doppelbestimmungen dieses Enzyms mit zwei Auswertungstechniken an fünf verschiedenen Tageszeiten durchgeführt. Dabei ergab sich: 1. In den Aktivitätsindex geht ursprünglich mehr Information ein als in den Prozentanteil enzympositiver Neutrophiler. Diese wird jedoch durch die Indexbildung reduziert. Beide Größen sind nichtlinear miteinander verknüpft und hängen sehr eng zusammen. 2. Der Meßfehler (als Standardabweichung ausgedrückt) bei Doppelbestimmung an demselben Blutpräparat ist für den Aktivitätsindex 6.18 Einheiten, für den Prozentanteil enzympositiver Neutrophiler 2.29 Einheiten. 3. Tageszeitliche Schwankungen der alkalischen Leukozytenphosphatase, die über zufällige Abweichungen hinausgehen, sind mit beiden Methoden nicht nachweisbar. 4. Beide Auszähltechniken zeigen eine positive Korrelation mit den papierelektrophoretischen Gammaglobulinwerten, die beim Prozentgehalt die Signifikanzgrenze überschreitet. Eine Beziehung zu anderen biochemischen Daten —wie z. B. zür alkalischen Serumphosphatase — konnte nicht gesichert werden. Insgesamt ist die Bestimmung der Prozentzahl der enzympositiven Neutrophilen für den Routinebetrieb ausreichend. Sie ist erheblich rascher durchzuführen als die Ermittlung des Aktivitätsindex und enthält praktisch dieselbe Information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 54 (1976), S. 1187-1192 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Laboratory tests ; Screening ; Preventive Care ; Medical questionnaire Contingency tables ; Laborverfahren ; Screening ; Vorsorge ; Med. Fragebogen ; Zusammenhänge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vorausgehenden Arbeiten [3, 4] wurde eine Laborvorsorgeuntersuchung in zwei Betrieben beschrieben, ihre Ergebnisse mitgeteilt und die Genauigkeit von Laboruntersuchungen in einer praxisnahen Situation dargestellt. Daran anschließend werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Zusammenhänge zwischen den beobachteten Merkmalen untersucht. Als Technik werden Kontingenztafeln und χ2-Test verwendet. Ausgehend von 57 Merkmalen — teils Laborverfahren (Triglyceride, Cholesterin, Glucose, Harnsäure, Kreatinin), teils Merkmale eines Anamnesefragebogens, (der auf die Entdeckung von Angina pectoris, Herzinfarkt, Claudicatio intermittens und Bronchitiden ausgerichtet war) — wurden alle 1596 Kontingenztafeln zwischen je zwei Merkmalen errechnet. Die signifikanten Beziehungen zwischen je zwei Merkmalen werden in Form einer Hypothesenmatrix mitgeteilt. Es findet sich kein einziger statistischer nachweisbarer Zusammenhang zwischen Laborwerten und Fragen nach Coronarerkrankungen, Herzinfarkt. Claudicatio intermittens und Bronchitiden. Anamnestische Fragen sind also durch Laboruntersuchungen nicht zu ersetzen und umgekehrt. Fast alle Fragen des Anamnesefragebogens hängen eng miteinander zusammen. Außerdem ergeben sich Zusammenhänge der Laborwerte untereinander, zum Blutdruck und den Rauchgewohnheiten.
    Notes: Summary In the preceding articles a preventive screening model in two factories was described, the results were given and the exactitude of laboratory tests presented. In this paper the relations are studied between all the observed variables. Contingency-tables and the χ2-statistic are used. For the 57 observed variables — (laboratory variables, e.g. triglicerides, cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, creatinine and questionnaire-items designed to screen for angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, claudicatio intermittens and bronchitis) — all possible contingency tables between two variables were calculated (1596 tables). The significant connections are reported in form of a hypothesis-matrix. There exists no statistical correlation between laboratory tests and questionnaire-items. The anamnestic questionnaire cannot be replaced by laboratory tests and vice versa. Nearly all items of the questionnaire are correlated. There are some correlations between laboratory tests, blood pressure and smoking habits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 54 (1976), S. 1177-1185 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Exactitude ; Error coefficients ; Statistical methods for reporting error ; Laboratory tests ; Medical questionnaire ; Accuracy, precision ; Genauigkeit ; Fehlerkoeffizienten ; Statistische Fehlerangaben ; Laboruntersuchungen ; Med. Fragebogen ; Richtigkeit ; Präzision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Genauigkeit einiger gebräuchlicher Laborverfahren (Triglyceride, Gesamtcholesterin, Glucose, Harnsäure, Kreatinin) wird in einer praxisnahen Situation untersucht und verschiedene statistische Verfahren zur Fehlerangabe werden miteinander verglichen. Richtigkeit und Präzision sind geeignete Maße für die Güte der Analytik. Sie sind für die Beurteilung eines Einzelwertes nicht ausreichend, weil die Einflüsse von Probenentnahmen, Art der Probe, Probentransport und Probenlagerung nicht in die Richtigkeit und Präzision eingehen. Diese Störeinflüsse können die Güte der Analytik weitgehend entwerten. Als weitergreifende Methode für sinnvolle Fehlerangaben von Laborverfahren werden Fehlerkoeffizienten vorgeschlagen, die auf einen varianzanalytischen Ansatz basieren: Gesamtfehler, Technischer Fehler und Transportfehler beim Postversand. In dieser Studie wird deutlich, daß die Fehlerstreuung, die durch den Transport desselben Serums in einer Kühltasche im Auto gegenüber dem regulären Postversand besteht, beträchtlich ist. Sie ist von einer Größenordnung, die eine Beurteilung der Einzelwerte durch den Arzt im Grenzbereich zwischen eindeutig normalen und eindeutig pathologischen Befund unmöglich machen kann. Dies gilt insbesondere für das Kreatinin (Transportfehler 47,0%) und die Harnsäure (38,7%), weniger für das Gesamtcholesterin (22,9%), die Triglyceride (14,3%) und die Glucose (13,6%). Es ist deshalb nötig, Parameter mit hohen Transportfehler, wie z.B. das Kreatinin, so lange nicht in Programme aufzunehmen, die Postversand vorsehen, bis die Störungen im einzelnen analysiert und z.B. durch Verbesserung der Methodik [6] eliminiert sind. Die Übereinstimmung der Beantwortung eines Fragebogens mit gleichlautendem Interview wird als Vergleich bei denselben Probanden (n=235) herangezogen. Hier schwanken die Übereinstimmungen zwischen 98,7% und 61,7% je nach Frage. Die Beantwortung von Fragebogen liegt damit im Prinzip in der gleichen Größenordnung der Genauigkeit, wie Meßergebnisse von Laborwerten, sofern das Material am Postweg verschickt wird.
    Notes: Summary The exactitude of some widely used laboratory tests (triglycerids, cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, creatinine) is examined in a situation relevant for practising physicians. Different statistical methods for reporting errors are compared. Accuracy and precision are useful measures for the quality of analytic procedures. They are not sufficient for medical judgement for a single patient, since sampling procedures, type of sample or transport and storage of sample are not considered in accuracy and precision. Such sources of error can largely devaluate the quality of accuracy and precision and of the analytic procedures. Error coefficients are proposed as a new method of reporting laboratory errors. The mathematical model starts with an analysis of variance and total error, technical error and transport error are defined. The study shows that the error introduced by transporting serum via postal service compared to that conveyed in a cooled transport box by a special car is considerable. It is nearly impossible for a physican to use single laboratory value for a rational decision “normal—not normal” if the values are based on samples which are sent by postal service and if the values lie in the broad borderline between the normal and pathological area. This is especially true for creatinine (transport error 47.0%) and uric acid (transport error 38.7%), but not so much for cholesterol (22.9%), triglicerids (14.3%) and glucose (13.3%). Variables with high transport error like creatinine should not be used in screening programs, as long as the transport is made by postal service and the method is not improved. The agreements between the answers of a questionnaire and of an interview are analysed with the same patients (n=235). These agreements lie between 98.7% and 61.7% depending on the single question. The exactitude of medical questionnaires is in the same size order as the exactitude of laboratory tests—at least when the sample is sent by postal service.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 54 (1976), S. 1169-1175 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Medical screening preventive ; Laboratory screening ; Medical questionnaire ; Coronary disease ; Chronical bronchitis ; Diabetes mellitus ; Hypertension ; Peripheral circulatory troubles ; Vorsorge-Untersuchungen ; Laborscreening ; Med. Fragebogen ; Koronarerkrankungen ; Chron. Bronchitis ; Diabetes ; Hypertonie ; Periphere Durchblutungsstörungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchung war die Fahndung nach Koronarerkrankungen, chronischer Bronchitis, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertonie, peripheren Durchblutungsstörungen und Übergewicht in zwei Betrieben bei über 40jährigen arbeitsfähigen Personen. Typische Labortests, standardisierte kurze ärztliche Untersuchung und ein Fragebogen wurden eingesetzt. In einer 10%-Stichprobe wurde der Fragebogen durch ein Kontrollinterview wiederholt und die Hälfte des Serums per Post an das Labor gesandt neben dem Transport in gekühltem Behälter im Auto. Nach der Beschreibung der Durchführung der Untersuchungen und der klinisch-chemischen Verfahren wird eine Ergebnisübersicht gegeben. Insgesamt 2429 Probanden wurden untersucht, der Untersuchungsablauf in den Betrieben war gut organisiert, es entstanden keine Warteschlangen. Die Laborergebnisse werden nach Geschlecht, Alter und Ort mitgeteilt und ihre Zusammenhänge dargestellt. In knapp 70% der Männer und in etwas über 60% der Frauen wurde der Hausarzt benachrichtigt wegen mindestens einem verdächtigen Befund. Im einzelnen fand sich eine pathologische Glycoseausscheidung im Urin bei 14,7% der Untersuchten, eine Konzentrationserhöhung der Glucose (über 113 mg-%) bei 5,7% der Triglyceride (über 181 mg-%) bei 12,6%, des Cholesterins (über 264 mg-%) bei 15,4%, der Harnsäure (♂ über 7,7 mg-%, ♀ über 7,1 mg-%) bei 6,8%, des Kreatinins (über 1,3 mg-%) bei 6,4% und eine positive Sulfosalizylsäureprobe im Urin bei 2,2% der Untersuchten.
    Notes: Summary A screening study for coronary disease, chronical bronchitis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, peripheral circulatory disturbance and overweight is described. 2429 persons aged over 40 years and working in two factories were studied. Typical laboratory tests, a short standardised examination by a physician and a questionnaire were used. In a 10% sample the questionnaire was repeated by an interview and the serum was sent to the laboratory not only by mail, but also by a special car transport in a cooled transport box. The results of the laboratory tests are presend according age, sex and factory. The family doctor had to be informed in nearly 70% of the men and about 60% of the women because of at least one suspicious symptom or sign. There was a pathological value of glucose in the urine in 14.7%, a rise of glucose in the blood (above 113 mg%) in 5.7%, of triglicerides (above 181 mg%) in 12.6%, of cholesterol (above 264 mg%) in 15.4%, of uric acid (♂ above 7.7 mg%, ♀ above 7.1 mg%) in 6.8%, of creatinine (above 1.3 mg%) in 6.4% and the presence of albumin in urine in 2.2% of the cases.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 51 (1982), S. 187-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; Bromocriptine ; L-Dopa/benserazide ; early combination therapy ; long-term ; therapy ; mortality ; cardioprotection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary L-Dopa supplemented by a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor is considered the most potent therapeutic regimen prolonging active life in Parkinsonian patients. The long-term benefit of therapy is limited by adverse effects, such as dyskinesia and on-off phenomena, which can be mitigated by the concomitant administration of dopamine agonists, such as bromocriptine. In order to quantify the beneficial impact of early combination therapy, a controlled clinical trial (PRADO:PRA vi-del1 +DOpa) in patients with early Parkinson's disease was carried out, whereby L-Dopa monotherapy (in a fixed combination with benserazide (DoBe) was being compared with the same combination plus bromocriptine (DoBeBro). Patients were recruited and treated by 101 practising neurologists in the Federal Republic of Germany and in Hungary. 'Twenty seven clinical university centers cross-checked the patients at regular intervals. The trial started with 3 months of DoBe monotherapy (median dose of 375 mg L-Dopa for both randomized groups) followed by gradual substitution of DoBe by bromocriptine over 3 months in one of the groups (250 mg L-Dopa/10 mg bromocriptine). The target medication was maintained from study months 6 to 54. Parkinsonian symptoms were classified according to the Webster rating scale, the Hoehn and Yahr scale and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Adverse events and life status were checked at regular intervals. Special emphasis was given to motor performance tests. 587 patients (302 in the DoBe group and 285 in the DoBeBro group) were available for intention-to-treat analysis. Both groups were homogeneous at baseline in all observed parameters. DoBe and DoBeBro proved equi-effective in terms of antiparkinsonian activity after the substitution phase (P II) had been completed. In September 1991, after a median observation period on target medication of 38.4 months in the DoBe group and 40.1 months in the DoBeBro group, 18 versus 8 deaths had been registered. The Logrank test as well as analysis using the Cox model, both adjusted for age and sex, showedP-values of 0.018 and 0.021, respectively. The mortality risk associated with L-Dopa therapy was reduced by more than 50 % by its combination with bromocriptine. The study was terminated due to this difference in mortality. The causes of death were classified by the treating physicians and consultants. At the time of study termination 152 patients in the DoBe group and 121 in the DoBeBro group had already discontinued study medication. Of those further 26 patients had died by the date of the final evaluation, 15 on DoBe and 11 on DoBeBro. The results imply that combination therapy with bromocriptine should be preferred over L-Dopa monotherapy from the very beginning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 48 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The first months of life may be an important period for allergic sensitization. Several studies suggest a relationship between the month of birth (MB) and the development of skin sensitivity to aeroallergens or the manifestation of an atopic disease. In 1988 and 1989 we investigated a population of 1066 Bavarian preschool children aged 5–6 years. Skin prick tests were performed with common aeroallergens (grass pollen, birch pollen, house-dust mite, eat epithelia). The personal history of atopic disease (atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma) was recorded by a questionnaire, and the presence of overt atopic disease was documented by a personal examination. Positive prick test reactions to the above-mentioned aeroallergens were found in 15.4%, 9.2%, 12.2%, and 10.4% of the subjects, respectively; lifetime prevalence of manifest atopic disease was 22.2% for atopic eczema, 11.7% for allergic rhinitis, and 4.5% for asthma. The MB distributions of children reacting to aeroallergens or of those with atopic diseases were compared with those of subjects with corresponding negative findings. Chi-square tests were performed for each aeroallergen and each of the atopic diseases separately. No significant differences among the MB distributions were found (P〉0.3). Thus, in this coherent group. MB correlated neither to allergic sensitization nor to manifest atopic disease.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; bromocriptine ; L-DOPA ; levodopa ; motor fluctuations ; adverse effects ; early combination therapy ; long-term treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Long-term levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease is typically associated with “motor side effects” consisting in dyskinesias and/or fluctuations in motility referred to as the on-off phenomena. The main objective of this prospective, randomized, multi-centre study was to determine to what extent the development of such complications could be prevented by partial substitution of levodopa monotherapy (L-DOPA/benserazide) by bromocriptine in patients with early symptoms of the disease. The basic trial population included 674 newly diagnosed Parkinsonian patients that were randomly allocated to monotherapy with levodopa or a combination therapy based upon a nearly 40% replacement of levodopa by bromocriptine. The two target regimens had to be consistently maintained for 42 months. Parkinsonian symptoms were assessed by means of the Webster rating scale, the Hoehn and Yahr scale, and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale. Motor side effects and adverse events were recorded at each regular clinic visit. Neurological symptoms improved and stabilized in a similar manner during treatment with both regimens throughout the study period. Motor side effects were observed in more patients on levodopa alone than on combination therapy (28.8 vs 20%; p=0.008). According to Kaplan-Meier estimates the cumulative probability of experiencing motor side effects was 0.43 on monotherapy, compared to 0.28 on combination therapy, which was equal to a one third reduction of risk (p=0.025). In regard to motor side effects, the degree of substitution of levodopa proved relevant: patients with 〉50% substitution by bromocriptine exhibited half the risk observed in those with 〈30% (p=0.045). The overall burden of motor side effects, as reflected by a sum score based upon the relevance, the severity and the extent of motor dysfunction, was also significantly less on combination therapy (p=0.046). In conclusion, partial substitution of levodopa by bromocriptine (〉30%) as first-line treatment of Parkinson's disease proves active in the prophylaxis of levodopa associated motor side effects. Early combination therapy therefore extends the period of optimal disease control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 352 (1980), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Quality assurance ; Theory of medical action ; Qualitätssicherung ; Theorie ärztlichen Handelns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von den verschiedenen Herausforderungen der Chirurgie, die im Bereich der Forschung und der Realisierung liegen, kommt der empirischen Analyse ärztlichen Handelns eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Bausteine einer empirischen Wissenschaft vom ärztlichen Handeln sind das Krankheitsmuster, das Leistungsmuster, das Muster der arztspezifischen Qualität, das Ressourcenmuster und das Ergebnismuster. Schwierigkeiten, den Prozeß ärztlichen Handelns in ein Modell einzufangen, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The empirical analysis of medical action is the central challenge for surgery. Components of an empirical science of medical action are the patterns of disease, of services, of the quality of the physician, of resources, and of outcome. Difficulties in developing a model of the process of medical action are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 349 (1979), S. 409-412 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Process of medical activities ; Evaluation ; Bewertung ; Ärztliche Leistungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Prozeß ärztlicher Leistung und seine wesentlichen Elemente werden beschrieben. 10 Kriterienfelder für die Bewertung ärztlicher Leistung werden angegeben. Grundsätzliche Schwierigkeiten in der Bewertung ärztlicher Leistung werden erwähnt. Die Entwicklung eines sachgerechten Instrumentariums zur messenden Bewertung ärztlicher Leistung ist mölich.
    Notes: Summary The process of medical activities and its principal elements are described. Ten fields of criteria for the evaluation of medical activities are proposed. Difficulties in the evaluation of medical action are mentioned. The development of appropriate measuring instruments for the evaluation of medical activities is a distinct possibility.
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