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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Kidney neoplasms ; diabetes mellitus ; cohort study ; risk factors ; Sweden.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the relation between diabetes mellitus and the risk of renal cell cancer we carried out a population-based retrospective cohort study. Patients identified in the Swedish Inpatient Register who were discharged from hospitals with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus between 1965 and 1983 formed a cohort of 153 852 patients (80 005 women and 73 847 men). The cohort members were followed up to 1989 by record linkage to three nation-wide registries. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed using age-specific sex-specific and period-specific incidence and mortality rates derived from the entire Swedish population. After exclusion of the first year of observation, a total of 267 incidences of renal cell cancer (ICD-7 : 180.0) occurred in diabetic patients compared with the 182.4 that had been expected. Increased risks were observed in both women (SIR = 1.7, 95 % confidence interval, CI = 1.4–2.0) and men (SIR = 1.3; 95 % CI = 1.1–1.6) throughout the duration of follow-up (1–25 years). A higher risk was seen for kidney cancer (ICD-7 : 180) mortality (SMR = 1.9; 95 % CI = 1.7–2.2, women; SMR 1.7, 95 % CI = 1.4–1.9, men). In comparison with the general population, patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of renal cell cancer. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 107–112]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: oestrogens ; endometrial cancer ; cohort study ; drug surveillance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A Swedish study of the risk of endometrial cancer associated with oestrogen treatment was started in 1977. A prospective design was chosen and a cohort of 23, 233 women receiving oestrogen medication was collected over a three-year period. Cohort members were recruited on the basis of prescription forms for oestrogens produced by all 120 pharmacies in a defined geographical region, resulting in comprehensive coverage of that region. A questionnaire study of a random sample (1/30) of the cohort permitted mapping of confounding factors, estimation of drug compliance and detailed characterization of oestrogen and progestagen exposures. Efficient follow-up of the cohort members was achieved by linkage of identity numbers of cohort members and those of all incident cases of endometrial cancer in the region. The expected outcome was calculated on the basis of accumulated person-years of observation in the entire cohort — and in subgroups — and age-specific incidence rates of endometrial cancer in the reference population. The present design may be generally useful for post-marketing studies of the association between drug use and side-effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Post-marketing surveillance ; oral contraceptives ; record-linkage ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Department of Drugs of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare undertook a study of the possibilities of a new scheme for post-marketing surveillance by means of prescription and register based epidemiological studies, primarily of combined oral contraceptives (COC). Based on available data on COC usage patterns and incidence rates of the disease at study, it was estimated that study periods, including the necessary time periods for disease development and generation of a sufficient number of cases, would amount to at least 1 to 13 years for cardiovascular outcomes and 8 to 17 years for reproductive cancers. Prospective and unbiased exposure ascertainment would be the most important advantage. However, delay in follow up, the need for extensive individual questionnaire probing and fear of violation of personal integrity could adversely affect the feasibility of the scheme. Chiefly on the grounds of the extended study periods and magnitude of the necessary infrastructure, it was not judged cost-effective to pursue such a scheme for COC exposure only. It was, however, suggested that it would be considered for epidemiological surveillance of other drugs that are commonly used and for which short term and frequent serious side effects are expected, as for instance lipid lowering compounds, beta-blockers, bensodiazepines and other psychotropic drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 464 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 13 (1989), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de la biologie tumorale des cancers du sein ouvre d'importantes perspectives de recherche. On peut étudier la biologie dès qu'apparaît une lésion prénéoplasique détectable. La réalité d'une lésion prénéoplasique reste à débattre. L'effet de l'exérèse d'une telle lésion sur l'incidence du cancer reste à démontrer. Les mécanismes qui déterminent la progression des lésions in situ et même des petites lésions invasives infracliniques, ne sont pas complètement élucidés; de même, on ne sait pas pourquoi certains cancers ont un potentiel métastatique plus que d'autres. Les facteurs de prédiction actuellement connus ne sont pas fiables. Un des effets bénéfiques de l'évaluation scientifique des programmes de dépistage est d'apprendre davantage sur l'histoire naturelle des cancers. La mammographie de dépistage détecte des cancers dont la taille est plus petite que celle des cancers décelables à l'examen clinique seul. Il existe un rapport inverse entre la taille de la tumeur primitive et la probabilité des métastases axillaires. Considérés ensemble, ces faits indiquent que la réduction de mortalité directement en rapport avec les examens de dépistage est une conséquence d'un changement de l'histoire naturelle. Le calcul du délai écoulé entre le moment supposé du début du cancer et le moment où il est décelé raccourci par les méthodes de dépistage prouve qu'un tiers au moins des cancers progresse depuis une lésion localisée à une dissémination relativement tardive dans la phase préclinique. Il a été démontré également que le taux de croissance tumoral primitif n'est pas directement parallèle au potentiel métastatique et que les tumeurs se développent plus vite chez la femme jeune.
    Abstract: Resumen La revisión de la biología tumoral del cáncer mamario a partir de la perspectiva del tamizaje revela importantes aspectos investigativos. El punto de mayor interés en cuanto al tamizaje es saber si la fase de induccion, durante la cual en el genomo sucede una serie de eventos que eventualmente dan lugar a la transformación maligna, incluye alguna “lesión preneoplásica” (hiperplasia o neoplasia benigna) detectable. La evidencia sobre la existencia de las preneoplasias es conflictiva, y el efecto de la resección de tales lesiones sobre la incidencia del cáncer mamario todavía no ha sido estudiado. El mecanismo que gobierna el progreso de las lesiones in situ, o aún de pequeños cánceres invasivos preclínicos, tampoco ha sido elucidado y no está claro hasta donde puede producirse la conversion a cánceres con capacidad metastásica. Un gran beneficio que surge de la evaluación científica de los programas de tamizaje es la posibilidad de conocer mejor la historia natural de la enfermedad. El tamizaje mamográfico detecta tumores de tamaño menor que aquellos que pueden ser detectados mediante el examen clínico. Existe una relación inversa entre el tamaño del tumor y la probabilidad de que la paciente haya desarrollado metástasis axilares. Tales hechos, en conjunto, indican que la reducción de mortalidad observada en los programas de tamizaje es el resultado de un impacto real sobre la historia natural del tumor. Las estimaciones sobre el lapso de tiempo ganado para el establecimiento del diagnóstico en los proyectos randomizados de tamizaje proveen una sustentación empírica de que una tercera parte de los cánceres evoluciona a partir de un estadio localizado hacia la enfermedad diseminada relativamente tarde en el curso de la fase preclínica del tumor. Los análisis de los cánceres de intervalo, aquellos que se hacen clínicamente detectables después de un examen de tamizaje negativo pero antes del próximo examen, y que presumiblemente constituyen un grupo de tumores de crecimiento más rápido, sugieren la conclusión de que la tasa de crecimiento del tumor primario no es directamente paralela con su capacidad metastásica y que la población tumoral es de más rápido crecimiento en las mujeres jóvenes.
    Notes: Abstract A review of the tumor biology of breast cancer from the screening perspective reveals important research issues. It is not known if the induction phase includes any detectable preneoplastic lesions. Evidence for the existence of preneoplasias is conflicting. The effect of removal of such lesions on the incidence of breast cancer has not yet been studied. The mechanisms that govern progression of in situ lesions—or even small preclinical invasive cancers—are not fully understood. It is not clear to what extent progression into cancers with metastatic behavior occurs. Current predictors for progression are weak. One major benefit of the scientific evaluation of the screening programs is that we can learn more about the natural history of the disease. Mammographic screening detects tumors that are smaller in size than those detected by clinical examination only. There is an inverse relationship between tumor size and the probability that the patient has acquired axillary metastases. These facts, taken together, indicate that the mortality reduction seen in screening is a result of a real impact on the natural history. Calculations of the lead time gained in randomized screening projects give empirical proof that a third of the cancers progress from a localized stage to a disseminated disease relatively late in the preclinical phase of the tumor. Analyses of interval cancers in screening have pointed to the conclusion that the net growth rate of the primary tumor does not directly parallel metastatic ability, and that the tumors grow faster in younger women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 41 (1996), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: cholecystectomy ; pancreatic cancer ; periampullar cancer ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An increased risk of pancreatic cancer following cholecystectomy has been reported in some studies but not in others. In order to settle this question, a population-based cohort consisting of 62,615 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy was followed up for the occurrence of pancreatic and periampullar cancer up to 23 years. After excluding the first year after operation, there were 261 pancreatic cancers vs 216.8 expected [standardized incidence ratio (SIR)=1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06–1.37]; and 11 periampullar cancers vs 7.2 expected (SIR=1.52; 95% CI=0.76–2.72). The increased risk of pancreatic cancer was most prominent up to four years after operation, but was also significantly increased 15 years or more after operation (SIR=1.35; 95% CI=1.00–1.78). We conclude that there is a modest excess risk of pancreatic and periampullar cancer following cholecystectomy, most prominent up to four years after operation, but that also exists 15 years or more after operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cervical cancer ; incidence ; screening ; World health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Because Pap-smear screening can detect pre-invasive cervical cancer,such screening can markedly reduce the occurrence of invasive cancer.However, its impact in different populations is uncertain. This studycompares the changes in cervical cancer incidence at different ages after theintroduction of screening in different populations, and addresses the impactof organized and opportunistic smear taking. We identified 17 cancerregistries large enough and existing long enough to analyze screeningeffects. For each registry, we calculated the relative reduction inage-specific incidence rates and in incidence rates age-standardized to theworld population after the introduction of cytologic screening. In 11 of the17 populations, age-standardized incidence rates declined markedly from 27percent in Norway and to 77 percent in Finland. Age-specific declines wereconfined to women aged 30 to 70 years old with a nadir around ages 40 to 55.In six other populations, age-standardize d incidence rates declined lessthan 25 percent, an amount too small to provide unambiguous evidence of ascreening effect. In several populations, cytologic screening had a morepronounced effect than is generally recognized. Because age-specific declinesin cervical cancer incidence rates were strikingly similar in populationswith widely different screening practices, organized screening may not bemarkedly superior to opportunistic screening. The reduction in reportedcancer incidence because of screening is smaller in younger and older women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 31 (1986), S. 2-6 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a randomized trial, 75 patients with an endoscopically confirmed and symptomatic duodenal (N=50) or prepyloric (N=25) ulcer were allocated to cimetidine treatment (1 g/day) either regularly for four weeks (standard treatment group) or regularly for a minimum of one week and thereafter only until the symptoms were controlled (symptomatic treatment group). The four-week healing frequencies in the standard and symptomatic treatment groups were 72 and 67%, respectively. The difference ±95% confidence limits was 5±21%. Prospective recording of pain revealed that the two treatment regimens were about equally effective in relieving symptoms during weeks 2–4. Patients with unhealed ulcers reported pain during the day and night significantly more often than those with healed ulcers. In the symptomatic treatment group the average patient saved 11 days of cimetidine medication during weeks 2–4. We believe that disappearance of symptoms might be a valuable means of deciding when treatment for peptic ulcers can be discontinued. Provided its efficacy and safety can be further confirmed, symptomatic treatment might become a practical and possibly a money-saving mode of ulcer management, which should also be applicable to the ulcer regimens of tomorrow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 29 (1984), S. 116-120 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiological findings suggest that gallstone disease and some frequent human cancers share common risk factors. In the present historical prospective cohort study, comprising 16,773 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy 12–15 years previously, the risk of developing gastric cancer was investigated. The total number of observed gastric cancers (89) was very close to the expected number (88), giving a relative risk (RR) of 1.01. A significantly increased risk (P〈0.01; RR=2.67) of developing gastric cancer was found during the first year after cholecystectomy, and this increase was judged to be due to cancers that were present but overlooked at the time of cholecystectomy. Subgrouping according to age at surgery revealed a tendency towards a lower risk in patients operated on before the age of 70 years. It is concluded that our data do not support the hypothesis that there are common risk factors for gallstones and cancer, and cholecystectomy does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer within 15 years after this operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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