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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soil previously amended with sewage sludge (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobia ; Heavy metals ; Waste disposal ; Nonnodulating ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the residual effects of sewage sludge on soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., nodulation, and N fixation. Nodulating and nonnodulating isolines of Clark soybean were grown to the R2 stage in soils (Typic Paleudults) obtained from plots where heat-treated sludge had been applied in 1976 at rates equal to 0, 56,112, and 224 Mg ha−1 high (7.0) and low (6.2) soil pH regimes were established by CaCO3 additions. Sludge and soil pH treatments resulted in clearly defined differences in metal uptake by soybean shoots. Plant Zn, Cd, and Ni concentrations were greater on pH 6.2, sludge-amended soil than on the pH 7.0, amended soil. At low soil pH, soybean Zn and Cd concentrations, respectively, increased from 41 and 0.19 mg kg−1 (control) to 120 and 0.58 mg kg−1 at the 224 Mg hat sludge rate. At the high soil pH and 224 hg hat sludge rate, Zn and Cd concentrations were 45 and 0.15 mg kg−1, respectively. Symbiotic N fixation provided 90% of the total N accumulation. Total N accumulation, shoot N concentration, dry matter, and N fixation by nodulating soybeans exhibited a significant linear increase with sludge rate. Total N accumulation, dry matter, and N fixation were significantly greater at high soil pH. For high and low soil pH, respectively, N fixation increased from 422 and 382 mg N per plant (control) to 614 and 518 mg N per plant at the 224 Mg ha−1 sludge rate. While soybean nodulation also increased linearly on sludge-amended soil, a significant rate times pH interaction for nodule number indicated that nodulation was less strongly enhanced by sludge at low soil pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260841
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Misidentification of soil bacteria by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and BIOLOG analyses (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 256-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arthrobacter ; Micrococcus ; Rhizosphere ; Similarity index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis is commonly used by soil scientists as a sole method for identifying soil bacteria. We observed discrepancies with this method for identifying certain species of bacteria. Therefore, we used carbon substrate oxidation patterns (BIOLOG) and some simple physical and chemical tests to determine the extent of these discrepancies. Identification with FAME profiles gave false positives for Arthrobacter globiformis, Micrococcus kristinae, and M. luteus, and identification with BIOLOG patterns gave a false positive identification for A. globiformis. A visual check and Gram stain are recommended when FAME analysis identifies soil isolates as M. kristinae or M. luteus, and an additional spore formation test is recommended when FAME and BIOLOG analyses identify isolates as A. globiformis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000244
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rhizobiophage effects on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield of field-grown soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 330-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Inoculation ; Nodule occupancy ; Competition ; Rhizobiophage ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Previous laboratory and greenhouse studies have shown that phages significantly reduce soil populations of homologous rhizobia. Reductions in nodulation and N2 fixation have also been observed. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a phage specific ofBradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 117 on nodulation, nodule occupancy, N2 fixation and soybean growth and yield under field conditions. The phage was inoculated in combination withB. japonicum USDA 117 and/orB. japonicum USDA 110 (resistant strain) into a rhizobia-free sandy loam soil and planted toGlycine max (L.) Merr. “Williams”. When the phage was applied to soil inoculated withB. japonicum USDA 117 alone, significant reductions in nodule weight and number, shoot weight, foliar N, nitrogenase activity, and seed index were observed. When, however, the soil also contained the non-homologous strain,B. japonicum USDA 110, no significant effects on any of these parameters were found. Nodule occupancy by competing strains ofB. japonicum USDA 110 and USDA 117 was also affected by the phage. In soil which did not contain the phage, 46% and 44% of the identified nodules were occupied by USDA 110 and 117, respectively. When the phage was present in the soil, nodule occupancy byB. japonicum USDA 117 was reduced to 23%, while occupancy byB. japonicum USDA 110 was increased to 71%. These results suggest that nodulation by selected strains of rhizobia can be restricted and nodulation by more effective, inoculated strains can be increased through the introduction of a homologous phage to soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634110
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of Vicia faba as affected by inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae in two soils (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Rhizobia ; Reclamation ; VAM ; N2 fixation ; Calcareous soil ; Vicia faba ; Infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Desert areas of Egypt are rapidly being planted with faba beans (Vicia faba) to increase the production of this economically important legume. Since indigenous populations of rhizobia or vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae are absent or low in this soil, the objective of the current study was to determine whether inoculation with several strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. vicae and VA mycorrhizae could successfully increase the growth of faba beans. Growth was compared to that in a fertile silt loam soil from the Nile River Valley. The effect of rock phosphate and superphosphate on the faba bean was also examined. The growth of faba beans was increased by dual inoculation with VA mycorrhizae and rhizobia, to a much greater extent than can be attributed to either inoculum on a singular basis. Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viceae USDA strain 102 F84 was the most effective of the rhizobial strains examined. Growth, plant nutrient content, nodulation, and root colonization were invariably greater in the silt loam soil than the calcareous soil. The addition of rock or superphosphate to soil enhanced these parameters in the calcareous soil, but less than that observed in the silt loam soil. These results demonstrate that the growth of faba beans can be increased in calcareous desert soils by inoculation with rhizobia and VA mycorrhizae. However, the growth remained inferior to that observed in the fertile Nile River Valley soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418668
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil pH, rhizobia, and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae inoculation effects on growth and heavy metal uptake of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Industrial pollution ; Rhizobium meliloti ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Metal toxicity ; Vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizae ; VAM ; Medicago sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction between soil pH and inoculation with rhizobia and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) was studied in an industrially polluted soil contaminated with high levels of Zn and Cd. A silt loam soil (pH 6.7) was amended with Ca(OH)2 or elemental S to adjust the soil pH to 4.3, 5.3, 6.0, and 7.2. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was planted in each treated soil an subsequently inoculated with Rhizobium meliloti and/or a mixed VAM spore population. Alfalfa growing in soils at a pH of 4.3 and 5.3 failed to survive as a result of soil acidity and heavy metal toxicity. At the three higher pH values, growth and foliar N and P were significantly increased by inoculation with rhizobia or VAM. The greatest increase was observed when both VAM and rhizobia were inoculated together into the soil. With a soil pH of 6.0 and 6.7, the available heavy metal concentration in the soil was high and the VAM significantly decreased heavy metal uptake from these soils. The foliar concentration of Zn was reduced from 455 to 306 μg g−1 by inoculation with VAM (pH 6.0). At the highest soil pH (7.2), however, available heavy metal concentrations were generally lower and NAM significantly increased the heavy metal uptake. The influence of VAM on heavy metal uptake thus appears to be partly a function of the available heavy metal content in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260517
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research Priorities for Conservation of Metallophyte Biodiversity and their Potential for Restoration and Site Remediation (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plants that have evolved to survive on metal-rich soils—metallophytes—have key values that must drive research of their unique properties and ultimately their conservation. The ability of metallophytes to tolerate extreme metal concentrations commends them for revegetation of mines and metal-contaminated sites. Metallophytes can also be exploited in environmental technologies, for example, phytostabilization, phytoremediation, and phytomining. Actions towards conserving metallophyte species are imperative, as metallophytes are increasingly under threat of extinction from mining activity. Although many hundreds of papers describe both the biology and applications of metallophytes, few have investigated the urgent need to conserve these unique species. This paper identifies the current state of metallophyte research, and advocates future research needs for the conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and the sustainable uses of metallophyte species in restoration, rehabilitation, contaminated site remediation, and other nascent phytotechnologies. Six fundamental questions are addressed: (1) Is enough known about the global status of metallophytes to ensure their conservation? (2) Are metallophytes threatened by the activities of the minerals industry, and can their potential for the restoration or rehabilitation of mined and disturbed land be realized? (3) What problems exist in gaining prior informed consent to access metallophyte genetic resources and how can the benefits arising from their uses be equitably shared? (4) What potential do metallophytes offer as a resource base for phytotechnologies? (5) Can genetic modification be used to “design” metallophytes to use in the remediation of contaminated land? (6) Does the prospect of using metallophytes in site remediation and restoration raise ethical issues?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00367.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil pH and sewage sludge on VA mycorrhizal infection of soybeans (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 93 (1986), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heavy metals ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Small plots were amended in 1976 or 1978 with four kinds of sewage sludge. The sludges represented samples considered to be relatively free of heavy metals as well as sludges highly contaminated with heavy metals. Sludges were added to a silt loam soil at rates of 224 or 448 Mgha−1. The soils were maintained at a high or low pH regime. In 1984, soybeans (Glycine max L. Merril. var. ‘Clark’) were planted and grown to the R4 stage. After harvest, roots were removed from the soil, washed, and examined for VA mycorrhizal infection. It was found that the heavy metal content of the sludge alone was generally not related to determining the extent of mycorrhizal infection. A heat treated sludge, high in heavy metals, exhibited the highest degree of mycorrhizal infection when the soil was maintained at a pH of 6.2. With this treatment, 52% of the root segments examined were infected by mycorrhiza. When the same sludge was added to a soil with a slightly lower pH (5.7) none of the roots examined were infected by mycorrhiza. When soybean roots were examined from soils that received no sludge and were maintained at either a low (5.6) or high (6.2) pH, there was no significant difference in mycorrhizal infection between the pH regimes. These results therefore indicate that sewage sludge may inhibit mycorrhizal infection if the sludge contains a high concentration of heavy metals and the sludge is applied to the soil with a low pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374294
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free metal activity and total metal concentrations as indices of micronutrient availability to barley [Hordeum vulgare (L.) ‘Klages’] (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 130 (1991), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorosis ; copper ; EDTA ; iron precipitation ; metal speciation ; manganese ; stability constants ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The form in which a micronutrient is found in the rhizosphere affects its availability to plants. We compared the availability to barley of the free hydrated cation form of Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ versus their total metal concentrations (free ion plus complexes) in chelator-buffered solutions. Free metal ion activities were estimated using the chemical equilibrium program GEOCHEM-PC with the corrected database. In experiment 1, barley was grown in nutrient solutions with different Fe3+ activities using chelators to control Fe levels. Chlorosis occurred at Fe3+ activities of 10−18 and 10−19 M for barley grown in HEDTA and EDTA solutions, respectively. In experiment 2, barley was grown in nutrient solutions with the same calculated Fe3+ activity and the same chelator, but different total Fe concentrations. Leaf, root and shoot Fe concentrations were higher from CDTA buffered solutions which had the higher total Fe concentration indicating the importance of the total Fe concentration on Fe uptake. Results from treatments using EDTA or HEDTA, with one exception, were similar to the results from the CDTA treatment. This suggests differences in critical Fe3+ activities found in experiment 1 were due to differences in the total Fe concentration and not errors in chelate formation constants used to estimate the critical activities. Results for Cu, Zn, and Mn were similar to Fe; despite solutions with equal free Cu2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ activities, plant concentrations of these metals were generally greater when grown in the solutions with the greater total amount of Cu, Zn, or Mn. When the free Zn2+ activity was kept constant while the total amount of Zn was increased from 4.4 to 49 μM, leaf Zn concentration increased from 77 to 146 μg g-1. In order to predict metal availability to barley and other species in chelator-buffered nutrient solutions, both free and total metal concentrations in solution must be considered. The critical Fe3+ activities required by barley in this study are much higher than those from tomato and soybean, 10-28 M, which strongly supports the Strategy 2 model of Fe uptake for Poaceae. This is related to the importance of the Fe3+ (barley) and the Fe2+ (tomato and soybean) ions in Fe uptake. Fe-stressed barley is known to release phytosiderophores which compete for Fe3+ in the nutrient solution, while tomato and soybean reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ at the epidermal cell membranes to allow uptake of Fe2+ from Fe3+ chelates in solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011855
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy metal effects on soil populations and heavy metal tolerance of Rhizobium meliloti, nodulation, and growth of alfalfa (1991)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 57-58 (1991), S. 597-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Effects of heavy metals on rhizobia and the symbiotic association with leguminous hosts are currently unclear. To investigate this problem, we examined Rhizobium meliloti (microsymbiont) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (macrosymbiont) collected from soils contaminated with varying concentrations of heavy metals (varying distances from a Zn smelter operating 90 yr.). Soil populations of R. meliloti were not correlated with metal concentrations in soil. The lowest rhizobial population was found in the soil with the highest extractable metal concentrations, but the highest populations were found in soil which was moderately contaminated. A greenhouse study in which alfalfa was grown in the same soils showed no significant trend for nodulation or nitrogenase activity of roots. Highest nodule number and nitrogenase activity were observed in those soils which had the lowest population of R. meliloti. When the heavy metal Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of individual isolates was examined, no correlation was found between the MIC and soil metal concentration (total, or water or 0.01 M Ca(NO3)2 extractable).These results indicate that even in highly contaminated soils, metal activity was not high enough to exert an antagonistic influence on the soil rhizobial population or the symbiotic association between alfalfa and R. meliloti.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282923
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