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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 137 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytokines have been proposed as histamine-independent itch mediators. To investigate this hypothesis, single doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2, 10MU/mL) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α, 10 μg/mL) were delivered to the epidermis of 10 healthy volunteers with a controlled skin-prick model; 1% histamine and solvent controls were included in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Itch ratings (computerized visual analogue scale) were obtained every 20s for 15 min and cutaneous reactions (weal, flare and temperature) were measured. Reactions were also recorded after 2, 24 and 48 h. The mean itch ratings were: histamine 35·5, IL-2 3·3 (both P〈0·01 compared with control), TNF-α 1.6 and solvent control 1.75 (not significant). Weal and flare occurred only with histamine. In two volunteers, an inflammatory papule with transient pruritus developed 12–18 h after applying IL-2. In conclusion, IL-2 showed a rapid, low pruritogenic effect, which may be followed by an inflammatory response. TNF-α induced no itching in this setting. Skin-prick testing with appropriate doses of potential pruritogens provides a safe and sensitive model for further chemoreceptor studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: While the enormous clinical and psychosocial importance of pruritus in many areas of medicine and the detrimental effects of chronic ‘itch’ on the quality of life of an affected individual are widely appreciated, the complexity of this sensation is still often grossly underestimated. The current Controversies feature highlights this complexity by portraying pruritus as a truly interdisciplinary problem at the crossroads of neurophysiology, neuroimmunology, neuropharmacology, protease research, internal medicine, and dermatology, which is combated most successfully if one keeps the multilayered nature of ‘itch’ in mind and adopts a holistic treatment approach – beyond the customary, frequently frustrane monotherapy with histamine receptor antagonists. In view of the often unsatisfactory, unidimensional, and altogether rather crude standard instruments for pruritus management that we still tend to use in clinical practice today, an interdisciplinary team of pruritus experts here critically examines recent progress in pruritus research that future itch management must take into consideration. Focusing on new insights into the neuroimmunological, neuroendocrine, and neurophysiological bases of pruritus, and discussing available neuropharmacological tools, specific research avenues are highlighted, whose pursuit promises to lead to novel, and hopefully more effective, forms of pruritus management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 597 (1980), S. 384-390 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Na^+ channel, R. esculenta) ; Myelinated nerve fiber ; Phenobarbital ; Voltage clamp
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 645 (1981), S. 243-252 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Myelinated nerve) ; Inactivation model ; Na^+ permeability
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 31 (1975), S. 615-618 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of long-lasting electric currents on the Lorenzinian ampullae at constant temperatures between 7 and 25 °C was investigated in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula). Steady state neural impulse patterns in single afferent units were analyzed by plotting interval length histograms and computing mean values and standard deviations for currents between −100 and +100 nA. The mean values depended on temperature and on current strength; the relative standard deviations remained almost constant (ca. 20–30%). Negative currents, inserted at the orifice of the ampullary canal, led to higher, and positive currents to lower, steady impulse rates in the whole temperature range investigated here. This static component of electrosensitivity again disappeared at higher currents (of 50 nA and more; electric overstimulation). The maximum static response was two orders of magnitude less than the maximum dynamic component of electroreception. The electrosensitivity depended on temperature: the ampullae were most sensitive to electric currents between 13 and 19°C. The maximal neural activity at 19°C was not shifted to higher or lower temperatures by electric stimulation. A constant equivalent of electric and thermal stimulation throughout the tested temperature and current range could not be found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Psychiatry Research 14 (1985), S. 343-351 
    ISSN: 0165-1781
    Keywords: Phasic pain ; analgesia ; evoked cerebral potential ; man ; tonic pain
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 31 (1975), S. 958-960 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aethyl-m-Aminobenzoat (MS-222) führt in Konzentrationen von 10−3 bis 5 · 10−5 g cm−3 an Lorenzinischen Ampullen zu einer kompletten und reversiblen Hemmung der Spontanaktivität, der dynamischen Reaktion bei Kältesprüngen und der elektrischen Reizantwort. Ebenso hemmt es die Spontanaktivität von Seitenlinienorganen. Diese periphere Wirkungskomponente der als Kaltblüter-Anaestheticum verwendeten Substanz muss bei allen Versuchen an peripheren Rezeptoren berücksichtigt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 153-162 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: C-fibres ; Evoked cerebral potentials ; Ultralate components ; Pain ; Man ; Adaptive filter ; Single trial EEG analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brief radiant heat pulses, generated by a CO2 laser, were used to activate slowly conducting afferents in the hairy skin in man. In order to isolate C-fibre responses a preferential A-fibre block was applied by pressure to the radial nerve at the wrist. Stimulus estimation and evoked cerebral potentials (EP), as well as reaction times, motor and sudomotor activity were recorded in response to each stimulus. With intact nerve, the single supra-threshold stimulus induced a double pain sensation: A first sharp and stinging component (mean reaction time 480 ms) was followed by a second burning component lasting for seconds (mean reaction time 1350 ms). Under A-fibre block only one sensation remained with characteristics and latencies of second pain. The heat pulse evoked potential consisted of a late vertex negativity at 240 ms (N240) followed by a prominent late positive peak at 370 ms (P370). Later activity was not reliably present. Under A-fibre block this late EP was replaced by an ultralate EP beyond 1000 ms, which in the conventional average looked like a slow halfwave of 800 ms duration. This potential was distinct from eye movements, skin potentials or muscle artefacts. With cross-correlation methods waveforms similar to the N240/P370 were detected in the latency range from 900 to 1500 ms during A-fibre block, indicating a much greater latency jitter of the ultralate EP. Latency corrected averaging with a modified Woody filter yielded a grand mean ultralate EP (N1050/P1250), the shape of which was surprisingly similar to the late EP (N240/P370). The similarity of these components indicates that both EPs may be secondary responses to afferent input into neural centers, onto which myelinated and unmyelinated fibres converge. Such convergence may also explain through the known mechanisms of short term habituation and selective attention, why ultralate EPs are not reliably present without peripheral nerve block.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 48 (1997), S. 730-733 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Juckreiz ; Multidimensionaler Fragebogen ; Key words Itch ; Questionnaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In dermatological practice, itch is the leading symptom of many skin diseases with a variety of psychophysiological aspects. However, a complete inventory for the qualitative evaluation of these central nervous factors is missing, whereas in pain research, the McGill Pain Questionnaire is well established for this purpose. Thus, therapeutic effects of antipruritic agents are only incompletely described by visual analog scales or parameters of skin physiology. Here, a questionnaire modified in analogy to the McGill pain questionnaire is presented, developed in cooperation between dermatologists and neurophysiologists.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Juckreiz stellt in der dermatologischen Praxis ein führendes Symptom mit vielen psychophysiologischen Facetten dar. Dennoch fehlt – im Vergleich zur Schmerzforschung, in der der McGill Pain Questionnaire inzwischen eine wichtige Routinefunktion hat – ein vollständiges Inventar zur qualitativen Erfassung dieser zentralnervösen Aspekte. So sind z.B. therapeutische Wirkungen nur unvollständig an Visual-analog-Skalen oder hautphysiologischen Parametern validierbar. In Ergänzung zu diesen Verfahren wird hier ein multidimensionaler Fragebogen als modifiziertes Analogon zum McGill Questionnaire vorgestellt, der in Zusammenarbeit von Hautklinik und Neurophysiologie entwickelt wurde.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 55 (1984), S. 158-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: C-nociceptor ; Pain ratings ; Microelectroneurography ; Man ; Signal detection theory ; CO2 laser stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microelectroneurographic studies in man allow the comparison of stimulus induced activity in the single peripheral nerve unit with the subject's ratings of sensation. Relationships between stimulus intensity, single unit discharges, and pain ratings were investigated using a CO2 laser stimulator which delivers radiant heat pulses of 50 ms duration. Recordings were performed percutaneously from the radial nerve at the wrist. Receptor types were identified by their response to different stimulus modalities and by their reaction delay to electrical test stimuli within the receptive field. Receptive fields of identified units were stimulated with randomised series of different radiant heat intensities between half and double the individual pain threshold (5 to 20 W; stimulation area 64 mm2). The largest receptor class observed to be activated by CO2 laser stimuli were polymodal C-nociceptors. None of them was spontaneously active. High discharge rates up to 75/s were not necessarily associated with pain but, if pain was felt, the impulse trains usually lasted for more than 60 ms. Inter-spike intervals were distributed over a wide range between 8 and 145 ms with a peak at about 25 ms. This peak was only slightly shifted by increasing the stimulus intensity. Higher correlations were found between the number of spikes and stimulus intensity. Measures of Signal Detection Theory indicated that the single unit discharges discriminated stimulus intensities better than the subjects' ratings. These findings underline the importance of temporal summation in the processing of C-fibre input with a considerable loss of information in the nociceptive system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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