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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Experimental dermatology 13 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An exciting research topic these past 2 years has been the identification of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel protein receptors on sensory neurons that are linked to thermosensation. Two compounds, menthol and icilin, were shown to activate the putative cold receptor, TRP-M8 (CMR1, trp-p8), in vitro. Here, some of the pharmacological properties of icilin are described and compared to menthol, summarized in the table below.〈table frame="topbot"〉〈tgroup cols="1" align="left"〉〈colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="char" char="."/〉〈tbody valign="top"〉Menthol Stimulates TRP-M8 receptor, does not require extracellular  calcium for activity, and does not stimulate the ANKTM1 receptor. Mint odor Irritant and harsh taste at high concentrations Duration of action less than15 min after topical application After systemic administration, lethal at high concentrations  due to anesthetic activityIcilin Stimulates TRP-M8 and ANKTM1 receptor and requires  extracellular calcium for activity No odor No irritant activity on skin or mucous membranes Action on inflamed skin and mucous membranes (e.g.  eyelids, lips, nasal, and anorectal) can last 4–8 h〈row rowsep="1"〉 No anesthetic activity, and no lethality at doses of up to  1.5 g/kg intraperitoneally, but after systemic administration produces ‘wet dog shakes’ which are rapid, alternating contractions, and relaxations of the supination and pronation muscles about the spinal axis
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Experimental dermatology 13 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the most proximal element of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and is the chief regulator of pituitary POMC gene expression and the subsequent production and secretion of POMC peptides. Previously, our laboratories documented cutaneous expression of CRH, urocortin and functional CRH receptors (CRH-Rs), suggesting their role in skin physiology and pathology. Human skin predominately expressed CRH-R1 with CRH-R2 being expressed primarily in the adnexal structures. While CRH-R activity has been implicated in the regulation of epidermal cell function, a role for these receptors in human hair biology has not yet been demonstrated. This study was designed to investigate the effects of modified CRH peptides (D-Glu20)-CRH, (D-Pro5)-CRH and (D-Pro4)-urocortin with respective selectivity for CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 on behaviour of cultured hair follicle melanocytes (HFMs) derived from scalp of seven normal individuals. HFMs were stimulated with these peptides (10−7−10−10 m) for 72 h. (D-Glu20)-CRH (10−8 m) and (D-Pro5)-CRH (10−9 and 10−10 m) markedly increased cell dendricity, melanogenesis and proliferation (P 〈 0.01) compared with unstimulated levels. While (D-Pro4)-urocortin failed to stimulate cell dendricity, this peptide did stimulate melanogenesis (10−8 m) (P 〈 0.01) and exhibited a biphasic proliferative response; stimulating pigment cell division at 10−7 and 10−8 m (P 〈 0.01) but inhibiting proliferation at 10−9 and 10−10 m (P 〈 0.01). Here, we demonstrate the existence of functionally active CRH-Rs in cultured human scalp HFM and show that signalling via these receptors modulates follicular melanocyte dendricity, melanogenesis and proliferation. Thus, activation of CRH-Rs may have a pivotal role in the regulation of follicular melanocyte homeostasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: While the enormous clinical and psychosocial importance of pruritus in many areas of medicine and the detrimental effects of chronic ‘itch’ on the quality of life of an affected individual are widely appreciated, the complexity of this sensation is still often grossly underestimated. The current Controversies feature highlights this complexity by portraying pruritus as a truly interdisciplinary problem at the crossroads of neurophysiology, neuroimmunology, neuropharmacology, protease research, internal medicine, and dermatology, which is combated most successfully if one keeps the multilayered nature of ‘itch’ in mind and adopts a holistic treatment approach – beyond the customary, frequently frustrane monotherapy with histamine receptor antagonists. In view of the often unsatisfactory, unidimensional, and altogether rather crude standard instruments for pruritus management that we still tend to use in clinical practice today, an interdisciplinary team of pruritus experts here critically examines recent progress in pruritus research that future itch management must take into consideration. Focusing on new insights into the neuroimmunological, neuroendocrine, and neurophysiological bases of pruritus, and discussing available neuropharmacological tools, specific research avenues are highlighted, whose pursuit promises to lead to novel, and hopefully more effective, forms of pruritus management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 33 (1993), S. 91-108 
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 697 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Experimental dermatology 13 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mammalian skin may contain an equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), composed of locally produced corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that, together with signalling via CRH receptor 1 (CRH-R1) and CRH-R2, may regulate local homeostasis. Studies in murine skin have demonstrated significant hair cycle-dependent fluctuations in the expression of CRH and urocortin peptides and CRH-Rs genes, suggesting a modulatory role for this signalling system in hair growth/cycling. This study was designed to investigate the effects of ligands showing increased selectivity for CRH-R1 [(D-Glu20)-CRH (10−7 and 10−8 m)] and CRH-R2 [(D-Pro5)-CRH (10−8 and 10−9 m)] and (D-Pro4)-urocortin (10−7 and 10−8 m) on human hair growth in ex vivo culture. (D-Pro5)-CRH can also activate CRH-R1, while (D-Pro4)-urocortin is highly selective for CRH-R2. Anagen hair follicles (HFs) were isolated from human scalp and stimulated for 9 days, with 10 HFs tested per CRH peptide concentration. Preliminary findings indicate that (D-Pro4)-urocortin (10−8 m) stimulated a 79% mean hair fibre elongation compared to the initial HF length over the 9-day study period. (D-Glu20)-CRH (10−8 m) also stimulated hair fibre elongation of 63% of initial length, while (D-Pro5)-CRH (10−9 m), which inhibited hair fibre elongation, compared to unstimulated controls. In agreement with our previous detection of CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 in human HFs, the above data suggest the existence of a functionally active CRH peptide/receptor system in cultured human HFs and suggest that signalling via these receptors may participate in the regulation of human hair growth/cycling in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 265 (1977), S. 537-539 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Asbestos fibres are divided into two classes, chrysotiles and amphiboles, on the basis of their crystal structure1,2. Chrysotiles are characterised by hollow cylindrical fibres formed by spiralling a double sheet of silica and brucite (Mg(OH)2) with the brucite on the outer surface. Amphiboles are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 837-838 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1-Nitropyrene, a mutagenic compound found in diesel exhaust and photocopy toners, is reduced anaerobically by rat liver fractions to 1-aminopyrene. This reaction is stimulated in the microsomal fraction by NADPH and in the cytosol by FMN. Addition of both cofactors produced more reduction in S-9, microsomes, or cytosol than either cofactor alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 81 (1983), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Adrenergic ; Cholinergic ; Drugs ; Inhibition ; Shaking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Shaking movements of the body, similar to that made by a dog when wet (‘wet-dog-shakes’), occur in rats in response to pharmacological stimuli and in response to stimuli associated with cold and skin irritation. In this study, shaking movements, elicited by a variety of stimuli, were inhibited by central administration of nanomolar doses of drugs that act as agonists on muscarinic, adrenergic, and opiate receptors. The brain regions that mediate the drug inhibition of shaking appear to be located in the medial preoptic area and in structures lining the aqueduct and fourth ventricle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 322-326 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Adenosine ; 2-Chloroadenosine ; Shake response ; Icilin ; Menthol ; Morphine ; Withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Shaking movements, similar to those made by a dog when wet, were elicited in rats by a) immersion in ice-water, b) injections of icilin, a chemical that produces sensations of cold, and c) naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine produced dose-dependent inhibition of shaking to ice-water and icilin. The 2-chloroadenosine effect was mediated centrally because the ICV dose required to produce inhibition was not effective when given IP. Caffeine antagonized the inhibitory effects of adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine. 2-Chloroadenosine suppressed morphine-abstinence shaking as well as the body weight loss that normally accompanies withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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