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  • 1
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: While the enormous clinical and psychosocial importance of pruritus in many areas of medicine and the detrimental effects of chronic ‘itch’ on the quality of life of an affected individual are widely appreciated, the complexity of this sensation is still often grossly underestimated. The current Controversies feature highlights this complexity by portraying pruritus as a truly interdisciplinary problem at the crossroads of neurophysiology, neuroimmunology, neuropharmacology, protease research, internal medicine, and dermatology, which is combated most successfully if one keeps the multilayered nature of ‘itch’ in mind and adopts a holistic treatment approach – beyond the customary, frequently frustrane monotherapy with histamine receptor antagonists. In view of the often unsatisfactory, unidimensional, and altogether rather crude standard instruments for pruritus management that we still tend to use in clinical practice today, an interdisciplinary team of pruritus experts here critically examines recent progress in pruritus research that future itch management must take into consideration. Focusing on new insights into the neuroimmunological, neuroendocrine, and neurophysiological bases of pruritus, and discussing available neuropharmacological tools, specific research avenues are highlighted, whose pursuit promises to lead to novel, and hopefully more effective, forms of pruritus management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 17 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The in vitro effects of cyclosporin A (CsA) on T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent mitogen responses of human B cells were studied. T-cell-dependent, pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced B-cell proliferation and B-cell differentiation to Ig-secreting cells were significantly inhibited by CsA, when purified B cells were cultured with T-cell helper factor containing supernatants instead of T cells. This indicates that the inhibitory effect of CsA on T-cell-dependent, PWM-induced B-cell proliferation and differentiation is not exclusively due to direct effects on helper T cells. B-cell proliferations induced by anti-IgM antibodies and by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were also found to be sensitive to CsA. Since both types of reactions are T-cell-independent, the concept that responses of human B cells can also be affected by CsA in ways that seem to be independent of the well-documented direct effects of CsA on T cells is further supported. This seems not to be a general phenomenon, however. Epstein-Barr-virus-induced activation of human B cells, as reported previously and also observed by us, is completely insensitive to CsA. It seems, therefore, that certain B-cell activation mechanisms are sensitive to CsA while others remain unaltered. The difference between these two reaction patterns cannot be exclusively explained by a T-cell dependence or T-cell independence of these responses. CsA effects on certain functional B-cell subsets or interference with accessory cell mechanisms might be responsible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Experimental dermatology 1 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Weaned hairless rats were fed a diet deficient in fat, magnesium and folacin. After approximately 1 week, an erythematous dermatitis developed which was associated with extreme generalized pruritus. Scratching led to excoriations and hemorrhagic crusting. The acute stage (pruritic rash) resolved after several days and was followed by sporadic non-itching relapses. Subsequent to the onset of symptoms, rats were treated orally, once daily for 3 days with CyA, CyH or FK506. The immunosuppressants CyA and FK506 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of symptoms in contrast to CyH. The immediate clinical response was associated with changes in blood histamine, white blood cell counts and histological parameters. Since CyH is known to lack immunosuppressive activity, these results may indicate that the cutaneous changes induced by the nutritional deficiency are associated with immunological abnormalities. The results may also indicate mechanisms influenced by CyA and FK506 but not by CyH; for example, release of chemical mediators from inflammatory cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 33 (1977), S. 1160-1161 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The trichomonacidal efficacy of metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole and ornidazole was studied in mice infected s.c., or for comparison purposes intravaginally. In both test systems, the drugs revealed nearly the same order of efficacy, whereby the compounds showed a marked decrease of activity when analyzed in s.c. infected mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 32 (1976), S. 183-184 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The strainT. foetus KV 1/M 100, a sub-strain ofT. foetus Kv 1, was made highly resistant to metronidazole by several passages in mice under increasing drug pressure. This drug resistance was accompained by a remarkable cross-resistance to all 5-nitroimidazole-derivatives tested in vitro and in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words SDZ ASM 981 ; Mast cells ; Ascomycin ; Inflammation ; Pharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mast cells play an important role in the pathological development of many inflammatory and allergic diseases and inhibition of mast cell activation is a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the effect of the novel ascomycin macrolactam derivative SDZ ASM 981 on FcÂRI-mediated activation of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, as a model for mast cell activation, was investigated. First, the ability to inhibit different mast cell immunophilins in vitro was tested. Using recombinant macrophilin-12 (FKBP-12), inhibition of rotamase activity with an IC50 of ∼ 6 nM was observed. The rotamase activity of cyclophilin A (18 kDa) was not affected. Secondly, the effect of SDZ ASM 981 on FcÂRI-mediated mast cell activation was investigated in the RBL cell model. SDZ ASM 981 inhibited exocytosis of preformed mediators (e.g. serotonin) with an IC50 of ∼ 30 nM. Transcription and release of newly synthesized mediators (e.g. TNF-·) was inhibited with an IC50 of ∼ 100 nM. The inhibitory effect of SDZ ASM 981 was antagonized by rapamycin. We conclude that SDZ ASM 981 is a potent inhibitor of FcÂRI-mediated activation of mast cells in vitro. The mechanism of action involves formation of (calcineurin) inhibitory complexes with macrophilins. We suggest that this inhibitory action on mast cells might contribute to the antiinflammatory effect of SDZ ASM 981 observed in vivo (e.g. in aptopic dermatitis and psoriasis).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Gehirnen von Mäusen fanden sich 2–8 Wochen nach der Infektion mit Toxoplasma gondii (Stamm ALT) disseminiert Zysten, die — unabhängig von ihrer Größe und der Zellzahl — gleiche histochemische Charakteristika aufwiesen. Nach der PAS-Reaktion erwiesen sich die Zystozoiten polysaccharidreich. Dieses Polysaccharid ist weitgehend diastase-und säureresistent. Eine Aktivität der Glykogensynthetase konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden, dagegen war die Phosphorylase sehr aktiv. Bei minimaler SDH-Aktivität war eine hohe LDH-Aktivität nachweisbar. Die Bedeutung der Kohlenhydratvorkommen wird nicht nur als Energiesubstratspeicher, sondern auch als Bausubstratspeicher interpretiert. Es wird angenommen, daß ein Teil der freigesetzten Glukose bei hohen Aktivitäten der G-6-P-DH und 6-P-G-DH über den Pentosephosphatweg die notwendigen Pentosen für die Nucleinsäure-Synthese liefert, die für die Vermehrung der Zystozoiten notwendig ist.
    Notes: Summary Mice were infected with cysts of the ALT strain Toxoplasma by intraperitoneal injection. After 2–8 weeks disseminated cysts could be demonstrated in the brain tissue. All cysts showed identical histochemical characteristics, independent of their sizes or their cell number. The encysted organisms were intensely stained after the PAS-reaction. This polysaccharide is highly diastase and acid resistant. Glycogen synthetase activity could not be demonstrated, but phosphorylase activity was very high. The energy metabolism was characterized by a high lactate dehydrogenase activity, whereas the reaction for succinate dehydrogenase activity only leads to sparse deposits of reaction products. The carbohydrate content is interpreted to be not only a store of energy substrate but also a store of biosynthetic substrate. It is assumed that a part of the liberated glucose at high activities of G-6-P-DH and 6-P-G-DH is metabolized by the hexose monophosphate shunt, the pentoses of which may contribute to nucleic acid synthesis which is necessary for the proliferation of the encysted organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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