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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser nitriding of iron: Nitrogen profiles and phases (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80.Ba ; 52.75.-d ; 81.60.Bn ; 76.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Armco iron samples were surface nitrided by irradiating them with pulses of an excimer laser in a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting nitrogen depth profiles measured by Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis (RNRA) and the phase formation determined by Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) were investigated as functions of energy density and the number of pulses. The nitrogen content of the samples was found to be independent of the number of pulses in a layer of 50 nm from the surface and to increase in depths exceeding 150 nm. The phase composition did not change with the number of pulses. The nitrogen content can be related to an enhanced nitrogen solubility based on high temperatures and high pressures due to the laser-induced plasma above the sample. With increasing pulse energy density, the phase composition changes towards phases with higher nitrogen contents. Nitrogen diffusion seems to be the limiting factor for the nitriding process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538202
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser nitriding of iron: Nitrogen profiles and phases (1995)
    Springer
    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS61.80.Ba; 52.75. $-$d; 81.60.Bn; 76.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Armco iron samples were surface nitrided by irradiating them with pulses of an excimer laser in a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting nitrogen depth profiles measured by Resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis (RNRA) and the phase formation determined by Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) were investigated as functions of energy density and the number of pulses. The nitrogen content of the samples was found to be independent of the number of pulses in a layer of 50 nm from the surface and to increase in depths exceeding 150 nm. The phase composition did not change with the number of pulses. The nitrogen content can be related to an enhanced nitrogen solubility based on high temperatures and high pressures due to the laser-induced plasma above the sample. With increasing pulse energy density, the phase composition changes towards phases with higher nitrogen contents. Nitrogen diffusion seems to be the limiting factor for the nitriding process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01538202
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A determination of the normalization factor and its application to the incomplete pole-figure method (1980)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 13 (1980), S. 500-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The loss of the orthogonality relationships in the incomplete pole-figure method leads to the necessity of solving a large set of equations to obtain the C coefficients of the orientation distribution function (ODF). The knowledge of the normalization factor Ni of each pole figure allows the large set of equations to be divided into subsets of reduced size. This paper presents a way to determine the Ni factor from the nullity of the F02 coefficient of the series expansion of the pole figure for cubic lattice symmetry. Calculations have been carried out for a sample with a triclinic symmetry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889880012666
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new computer program for contour maps of texture functions (1976)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 9 (1976), S. 254-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A Fortran program for plotting contour maps of texture functions is described. The program works at high speed and is very flexible in application. For input the values of the texture function, which have been measured or calculated on a grid of mesh points, are required. From these data, the single-level lines of a contour map are calculated and plotted. Format and caption of the contour map as well as the marking of the level lines can be individually chosen. In the present paper the program is applied to direct and inverse pole figures as well as to a three-dimensional orientation distribution function (ODF) of a silver sheet deformed by 99.3%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889876011175
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and material aspects in using visible laser pulses of nanosecond duration for ablation (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 79.20.DS ; 81.90. + c ; 78.90. + t
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Interaction phenomena of 50 ns copper vapour laser pulses (λ = 511/578 nm) with matter are investigated. The basic ablation process is classified into four fundamental classes. On basis of this classification processing results are connected with specific material properties like the brittleness, the viscosity of the melt or the optical properties. Knowing these properties a prognosis of the expected fundamental process is possible. In order to generate a geometrically defined structure via ablation in a given material-specific process, strategies have to be developed. Typical examples for process strategies are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567639
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and material aspects in using visible laser pulses of nanosecond duration for ablation (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 79.20.DS; 81.90.+c; 78.90.+t
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Interaction phenomena of 50 ns copper vapour laser pulses (λ=511/578 nm) with matter are investigated. The basic ablation process is classified into four fundamental classes. On basis of this classification processing results are connected with specific material properties like the brittleness, the viscosity of the melt or the optical properties. Knowing these properties a prognosis of the expected fundamental process is possible. In order to generate a geometrically defined structure via ablation in a given material-specific process, strategies have to be developed. Typical examples for process strategies are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567639
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of cooling and heating rates and transformation curves for the preparation of metallic glasses (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 1935-1944 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A Fortran program is described for calculating and plotting time-temperature-crystallization curves during rapid heating and cooling by, for example, laser glazing, electron beam melting, melt-spinning or other techniques for the production of metallic glasses and metastable phases. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the program. In the case of Fe-B alloys produced by melt-spinning the behaviour during continuous cooling and isothermal annealing could be predicted. In the case of Ni-Nb alloys the program was used to establish the experimental conditions for the formation of metallic glass by electron beam melting. The program was also used to determine the conditions necessary for glass formation by laser melting a surface layer of boron alloyed to the surface of an Fe-Cr substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540642
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser and electron-beam melted amorphous layers (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 863-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Metallic-glass layers were produced on metallic bulk material using laser or electron beam melting. The requisite composition (FeCr12)80(C,B)20 for steel and Ni x Nb(100−x ), (x = 30 to 60) for niobium was obtained by coating the substrate prior to melting. X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and calorimetric methods were used to demonstrate and investigate the amorphous nature of the surface layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542728
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface investigation of excimer laser irradiated phosphatized steel plates (1994)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 92 (1994), S. 1361-1366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Steel plates (St 14-05) of 1.5 mm thickness and coated with 1.5 μm of ironzinc-phosphatehydrate (ASTM 29-1429) were irradiated with an XeCl-excimer laser (Siemens XP 2020) at energy densities of 20–80 mJ/mm2 and with 2–32 pulses per spot. Depth-sensitive Mössbauer spectroscopy was carried out by means of conversion electron (CEMS) and conversion X-ray (CXMS) Mössbauer spectroscopy in order to determine the phases produced by the excimer laser treatment. Although the phosphate layer is mainly ablated during the laser treatment, there is a significant formation of Fe2P. The phosphorous phase and the wüstite, with changing stoichiometries, were found in the very surface (CEMS). In deeper layers and in correlation with the energy density and the number of pulses, austenite was found in surprisingly high amounts (CEMS and CXMS). The austenite was found to be nitrogen austenite. The high Fe-N austenite content as well as the presence of some ferromagnetic Fe-N phase (ε-Fe2+xN) must be ascribed to an unexpectedly high nitriding effect during the laser treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065779
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser Surface Melting on cast iron containing undercooled graphite (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Laser-Oberflächenumschmelzen von Gußeisen mit unterkühltem GraphitAn einer Gußeisenlegierung 3% C, 2% Si und 0,25% Ti mit unterkühltem Graphit wurden Laserumschmelzversuche mit unterschiedlichen Leistungsdichten und Einwirkzeiten durchgeführt. Die sich ergebenden charakteristischen Gefüge nach dem Umschmelzen und verschiedenen Wärmebehandlungszuständen werden beschrieben, ebenso wie die erzielbaren Härtesteigerungen. Beispielhaft wird aufgezeigt, in welcher Weise die Abschreckgeschwindigkeiten und die Konzentration das Erstarrungsverhalten hochkohlenstoffhaltiger Gußeisenlegierungen modifizieren können. Die gewählte Zusammensetzung des Gußeisens besitzt Modellcharakter und kann für viele Gußeisenlegierungen als repräsentativ angesehen werden.
    Notes: Laser surface melting experiments were carried out on an alloy cast iron with 3% C, 2% Si and 0.25% Ti containing undercooled graphite. Different heating times and energy densities were used to achieve different penetration depths and cooling rates. The microstructures obtained after surface melting and after various heat treatments are presented and discussed. It is shown how the cooling rate and concentration influence the solidification behaviour of high carbon cast irons. The composition chosen for the experiments can be considered as representative of many cast irons.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19830140706
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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