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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 611 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Inflammatory reactions against invaders in the body call upon cytokine molecules that elicit systemic responses, such as fever, fatigue, increased pain sensitivity and appetite loss, mediated by the central nervous system. But how cytokines can induce these effects has been a mystery as they ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A double-labelling procedure combining immunohistochemical staining with in situ hybridization using a radiolabelled cRNA probe was employed to demonstrate oestrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin-A mRNA in the medullary and spinal dorsal horn of female rats. Both markers labelled large numbers of neurons in the substantia gelatinosa and its trigeminal homologue. Many of these neurons were double-labelled, displaying both oestrogen receptor-like- immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin-A mRNA; cell counts showed that 40–60% of the of the oestrogen receptor-like-immunoreactive cells in the superficial laminae also were labelled for preproenkephalin-A mRNA, and that 60–70% of the preproenkephalin-A mRNA-labelled neurons in the same laminae displayed oestrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity. Previous studies have shown that oestrogen receptors can bind to the promoter region of the preproenkephalin-A gene, and studies on the hypothalamus have demonstrated that oestrogen regulates enkephalin expression in select neuronal populations. The present results demonstrate that enkephalinergic neurons in the superficial dorsal horn contain oestrogen receptors and suggest that oestrogen may play an important role in the modulation of sensory and nociceptive processing in the lower medulla and spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The nucleus submedius in the medial thalamus of cats is an important termination site for lamina I trigemino- and spinothalamic tract (TSTT) neurons, many of which are nociceptive-specific, and the nucleus submedius has been proposed to be a dedicated nociceptive substrate involved in the affective aspect of pain. In the present study, the distribution of glutamate was examined by immunocytochemical methods in order to evaluate the possible role of this amino acid as a neurotransmitter in TSTT terminals in the nucleus submedius. TSTT terminals were identified by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate from the spinal cord or the medullary dorsal horn. Quantitative analysis of immunogold labelling revealed that TSTT terminals contain about twice the tissue average of glutamate-like immunoreactivity. A strong positive correlation was found between the density of synaptic vesicles and the density of gold particles in these terminals, whereas no relationship was seen between these variables in GABAergic presynaptic dendrites. Enrichment of glutamate-like immunoreactivity (∼250% of the tissue average) was also observed in terminals of presumed cortical origin. Presynaptic dendrites and neuron cell bodies in the nucleus submedius were found to contain relatively low levels of glutamate-like immunoreactivity, at or below the tissue average. These observations provide evidence that glutamate is a neurotransmitter in lamina I TSTT terminals in the nucleus submedius. The findings also suggest glutamatergic neurotransmission between cortical afferents and nucleus submedius neurons. Glutamate is therefore likely to be an important mediator of nociceptive processing in the medial thalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The dorsal lateral subnucleus of the rat pontine parabrachial nucleus is a major target for ascending nociceptive information from the spinal cord. With in situ hybridization histochemistry, using a radiolabelled cRNA probe, we demonstrate that neurones in and near the dorsal lateral subnucleus express preprodynorphin mRNA. The cRNA probe was constructed from a PCR product amplified from rat genomic DNA. Sequencing of the PCR product revealed that it corresponded to the sequence 466–1101 of the rat preprodynorphin gene exon 4.Tract tracing experiments, using injection of cholera toxin subunit B into the hypothalamic median preoptic nucleus, showed a retrograde labelling pattern of neurones in the parabrachial nucleus that was almost identical to that of the preprodynorphin mRNA expressing neurones. Double-labelling, combining immunohistochemical detection of tracer and in situ hybridization, revealed that the retrogradely labelled neurones expressed preprodynorphin mRNA. A similar double-labelling, combining in situ hybridization with immunohistochemical detection of noxious-evoked fos following formalin injection into one hindpaw of awake animals, showed that almost all fos-immunoreactive neurones in the dorsal lateral parabrachial subnucleus also expressed preprodynorphin mRNA. Quantitative analysis suggested that the evoked fos immunoreactivity was accompanied by an increased preprodynorphin mRNA expression.The findings provide evidence that neurones in the dorsal lateral subnucleus produce dynorphin and project to the median preoptic nucleus, and that noxious stimulation in awake animals synaptically activates the dynorphinergic neurones in this subnucleus. These observations are consistent with the idea of a functional and chemical heterogeneity among different parabrachial subnuclei that serves to produce specific homeostatic responses to stimuli that changes the physiological status of the organism, including tissue damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 21 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Forebrain structures are necessary for the initiation of food intake and its coupling to energy expenditure. The cancer-related anorexia–cachexia syndrome is typified by a prolonged increase in metabolic rate resulting in body weight loss which, paradoxically, is accompanied by reduced food intake. The aim of the present work was to study the forebrain expression of Fos proteins as activation markers and thus to identify potential neurobiological mechanisms favouring catabolic processes or modulating food intake in rats suffering from cancer-related anorexia–cachexia. Neurons in forebrain structures showing most pronounced induction of Fos proteins were further identified neurochemically. To provoke anorexia–cachexia, cultured Morris hepatoma 7777 cells were injected subcutaneously in Buffalo rats. This resulted in a slowly growing tumour inducing ≈ 7% body weight loss and a 20% reduction in food intake when the tumour represented 1–2% of body mass. Anorexia-cachexia in these animals was found to be accompanied by Fos induction in several hypothalamic nuclei including the paraventricular and ventromedial hypothalamus, in the parastrial nucleus, the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral striatal structures and the piriform and somatosensory cortices. Neurochemical identification revealed that the vast majority of FosB-positive neurons in the nucleus accumbens, ventral caudate–putamen and other ventral striatal structures contained prodynorphin or proenkephalin mRNA. These findings indicate that forebrain structures that are part of neuronal networks modulating catabolic pathways and food ingestion are activated during tumour-associated anorexia–cachexia and may contribute to the lack of compensatory eating in response to weight loss characterizing this syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gracilo-diencephalic relay cells were identified with the aid of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Section embedding permitted light-microscopic identification and selection of relay cells and adjacent unlabelled neurons for ultrastructural study. Electron-microscopic analysis of the boutons which contacted the perikaryal surface of the cells revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between bouton covering ratio and cell body size for both labelled and unlabelled neurons. Estimates of the density of boutons also showed a positive correlation between the size of the cell body and the density of terminals contacting its surface. The functional implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum against γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used in an immunohistochemical investigation of the nature of GABA-immunoreactive profiles in various regions of the brain stem of the rat. In accordance with findings in previous biochemical studies, but at discrepancy with recent immunohistochemical results, GABA-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated not only in neurons but also in glial cells. Electron microscopy revealed that the GABA-positive glial cells were astrocytes. Cells identified as oligodendrocytes were unlabelled as were pericytes and endothelial cells. In the labelled astrocytes, immunohistochemical reaction product was seen throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm, and in thin sheet-like processes surrounding neuronal elements and in end-feet lining the basal membrane of capillaries. These observations support the concept that astrocytes play a role in the metabolism of GABA. It is suggested that the failure to demonstrate the presence of GABA in glial cells in previous immunohistochemical studies may have been due to some factor in the tissue preparation. However, it is also possible that labelled glial cells may have been mistaken for small labelled neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The afferent fibres to the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the contralateral thalamus from neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) were labelled by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate and subsequent histochemical processing with tetramethyl benzidine. In accordance with the results of previous light microscopical studies using the degeneration method or autoradiographic tracing technique, the distribution of the afferents from the DCN and LCN in the VPL differed considerably. Thus the DCN terminals, which were calculated to constitute about 7–8% of the total number of boutons in the VPL, were found throughout the entire VPL, whereas the LCN terminals were mainly located in its dorsal and dorsolateral parts, where they made up about 1% of the total number of boutons. However, the morphology and synaptic organization of the terminals from the DCN and LCN were virtually identical. Thus the synaptic terminals of the two afferent pathways seemed to be represented by large boutons of a similar type, which had large, slightly oval and loosely packed synaptic vesicles and contained numerous mitochondria. Both DCN and LCN terminals synapsed preferentially on medium-sized to large dendrites, but were also presynaptic to other vesicle-containing profiles, probably of internuncial origin, which in turn were in synaptic contact with the same dendrites as the labelled ones. It is suggested that the differences in physiological properties between the somatosensory information that is transmitted to the somatosensory cortex via the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract do not seem to have a counterpart in differences in the synaptic organization of their relay in the VPL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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