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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for transcutaneous coaxial neuroendoscopy (1996)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 194 (1996), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Transcutaneous ; Neuroendoscopy ; Myeloscopy ; Cisternoscopy ; Ventriculoscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new method of direct endoscopy of the subarachnoid space and a major part of the ventricles of the human central nervous system is presented. The technique was developed on more than 100 human bodies with the help of a bronchoscope. Percutaneous entry into the subarachnoidal space is performed from the dorsal side between vertebrae L5 and S1. The endoscope can be moved along the spinal cord on both the dorsal and the ventral side. From the dorsal side of spinal cord the cerebello-medullary cistern can be reached. The fourth ventricle is entered through the median aperture and then the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. From the ventral side of the spinal cord the posterior cranial fossa is reached and the large arteries and the cranial nerves can be inspected. The main conclusion of the present report is that the subarachnoid space seems to be large enough for a coaxial exploration with a 3–5 mm diameter fibroscope if the investigator possesses a good knowledge of the subarachnoid anatomy. The technique provides new approaches in research and possibilities of clinical investigations and therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00198533
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of the feline dorsal column nuclei and their GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons (1991)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal column nuclei ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interneurons ; Light microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gracile and internal and external cuneate nuclei of four adult cats were studied, using recently developed stereological techniques. The length, volume and position of the nuclei in relation to the level of obex were calculated, as well as the number of neurones, the neuronal density and volume of the three nuclei and different regions in the gracile and internal cuneate nucleus. Material processed for GABA immunocytochemistry was used in order to compare GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurones. The results demonstrate variations in the same nucleus in different animals, and in the nucleus of the left and right sides of the same animal. The same nucleus can vary up to 4 mm in its rostrocaudal position in relation to the obex. The mean sizes of the gracile, internal and external cuneate nuclei are 4.2, 8.4 and 5.6 mm', respectively and their mean neuronal numbers are about 52000, 76 000 and 33000, respectively. The neuronal density was highest (12907 cells/mm3) in the gracile, and lowest in the external cuneate nucleus (5987 cells/mm3). The external cuneate nucleus had a larger relative volume (7.9%) occupied by nerve cell bodies compared with the two medial nuclei (5.1% and 5.8%). In the gracile and internal cuneate nuclei, the GABAergic neurones constituted 28% and 25% of the whole population, respectively, while the external cuneate nucleus was devoid of such cells. All the nuclei contained GABA-positive boutons, however. The mean volume of the GABA-stained neurones in the gracile nucleus was 2319, and internal cuneate 3065 μm3, while the corresponding volume of unlabelled neurones in the gracile, internal and external cuneate nuclei was 3745, 8147 and 13 318 μm3, respectively. When cyto-fibro-architectonic characteristics were used to subdivide the gracile and cuneate nuclei into rostral, middle and caudal regions, and the data of the three compartments compared, it was found that in both nuclei the middle region had the highest neuronal packing density, and the caudal region the largest mean nerve cell volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673255
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral cervical nucleus in the cat IV. A light and electron microscopical study after midbrain lesions with demonstration of indirect wallerian degeneration at the ultra-structural level (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 51-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral cervical nucleus ; Midbrain lesions ; Nauta method ; Ultrastructural investigation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) has been studied with the light and electron microscope after midbrain lesions in kittens of different ages, and in adult cats. It has been shown that nerve cells remain within the contralateral LCN after hemisection of the midbrain. performed on 1 day old kittens. The estimated number of these remaining cells was 3–19% in the different cases. No fibers descending to the LCN from levels rostral to the midbrain could be demonstrated in adult cats with the Nauta technique. A combined Nauta and electron microscopical investigation was performed on kittens operated on at different ages and allowed to survive varying times postoperatively. At the operations the LCN-axons were transected at midbrain level. The Nauta investigation demonstrated silver impregnation of degenerating LCN-neurons on the affected side of the same type as has been described recently in other neuronal systems following axonal transection. The ultrastructural study revealed electron dense degenerating dendrites and probably also nerve cells within the LCN. The dense degenerative changes were very similar to the dense degeneration in terminal boutons following transection of parent axons. The potential value of the findings for electron microscopical research in neuroanatomy is discussed. The results in terms of connections of the LCN are discussed in the light of known anatomical and physiological data of the LCN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral cervical nucleus in the cat III. An electron microscopical study after transection of spinal afferents (1969)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 7 (1969), S. 32-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral cervical nucleus ; Spinal lesions ; Ultrastructural investigation ; Degenerating boutons ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of terminal degeneration within the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) after transection of its spinal afferent fibers 2 days–2 years earlier is described. The degeneration after 2 days was of both the neurofilamentous and dense type. The highest number of degenerating terminals, about 15%, was found after 4–5 days. Then most of the degenerating boutons were of the dense type. The degenerating terminals had synaptic contact with cell bodies and dendrites of LCN-neurons. Removal of the degenerating boutons seemed to be effected by a phagocytic cell present in increased number compared to the normal LCN. In cases with long survival times an increase in the number of astroglial filaments was observed. In an animal where the spinal afferents to the LCN had been cut 2 years earlier a decrease in medium size of the neurons was observed. The amount of dendritic spines was also considerably smaller than normally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236106
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of monolayer cultures of pancreatic islet cells (1970)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 7 (1970), S. 557-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Islets of Langerhans ; Isolated islet cells ; Monolayer culture ; Ultrastructure of islet cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cellules insulaires isolées obtenues de souris obèse-hyperglycémiques et de cobayes normaux ont été cultivéesin vitro pour des périodes de temps allant jusqu'à 7 jours. L'étude ultrastructurelle a montré que les cellules cultivées gardent les caractéristiques morphologiques des cellules insulairesin vivo. Des cellules α2 et β ont été identifiées chez des explants obtenus de souris obèse-hyperglycémiques et de cobayes normaux. Le caractère le plus remarquable des cellules insulaires cultivées est représenté par l'importante dégranulation des cellules β dans les deux espèces animales. L'intensité de la dégranulation n'était pas en rapport avec la concentration de glucose dans le milieu d'incubation.
    Abstract: Resumen Se han cultivadoin vitro durante períodos variables hasta un máximo de siete días, células insulares aisladas procedentes de ratones obesos hiperglicémicos y de cavias normales. El estudio ultraestructural ha demostrado que las células cultivadas mantienen las características morfológicas de las células insularesin vivo. En extracciones procedents de ratones obesos hiperglicémicos y de cavias normales, ha sido posible identificar células α2 y células β. La característica má saliente de las células insulares cultivadas está constituida por la acentuada degranulación de las células β en las dos especies de animales. El grado de degranulación no está en relación con la concentración de glucosa en el medio de incubación.
    Notes: Riassunto Cellule insulari isolate ottenute da topi obesi-iperglicemici e da cavie normali sono state coltivatein vitro per periodi di tempo fino a 7 giorni. Lo studio ultrastrutturale ha dimostrato che le cellule coltivate mantengono le caratteristiche morfologiche delle cellule insulariin vivo. In espianti provenienti da topi obesi-iperglicemici e da cavie normali, è stato possibile identificare cellule α2 e cellule β. La caratteristica più saliente delle cellule insulari coltivate è costituita dalla marcata degranulazione delle cellule β in entrambe le specie animali. Il grado di degranulazione non era in rapporto con la concentrazione di glucosio nel mezzo di incubazione.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01556806
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic terminals in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus from neurons in the dorsal column and lateral cervical nuclei: an electron microscopic study in the cat (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 14 (1985), S. 869-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The afferent fibres to the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) of the contralateral thalamus from neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) were labelled by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate and subsequent histochemical processing with tetramethyl benzidine. In accordance with the results of previous light microscopical studies using the degeneration method or autoradiographic tracing technique, the distribution of the afferents from the DCN and LCN in the VPL differed considerably. Thus the DCN terminals, which were calculated to constitute about 7–8% of the total number of boutons in the VPL, were found throughout the entire VPL, whereas the LCN terminals were mainly located in its dorsal and dorsolateral parts, where they made up about 1% of the total number of boutons. However, the morphology and synaptic organization of the terminals from the DCN and LCN were virtually identical. Thus the synaptic terminals of the two afferent pathways seemed to be represented by large boutons of a similar type, which had large, slightly oval and loosely packed synaptic vesicles and contained numerous mitochondria. Both DCN and LCN terminals synapsed preferentially on medium-sized to large dendrites, but were also presynaptic to other vesicle-containing profiles, probably of internuncial origin, which in turn were in synaptic contact with the same dendrites as the labelled ones. It is suggested that the differences in physiological properties between the somatosensory information that is transmitted to the somatosensory cortex via the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract do not seem to have a counterpart in differences in the synaptic organization of their relay in the VPL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01224802
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume composition of the lateral cervical nucleus in the cat. I. A stereological and electron microscopical study of normal and deafferentated animals (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 6 (1977), S. 723-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropil of the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) has been studied by means of ultrastructural stereological methods. Estimates of the fractional volumes of axons, glial cells (three types), extracellular space, boutons, bouton mitochondria, dendrites, dendritic mitochondria, neuronal somata and blood vessels were calculated for four normal cats and eight cats which had been subjected to spinal deafferentation 2, 4, 9, and 14 days before perfusion. 14 days after operation the fractional volume of boutons and dendrites in the nucleus was considerably lower on the operated side, corresponding to a reduction of 67% and 64% respectively. The bouton reduction was higher than could have been expected from findings in earlier qualitative studies. The reduction in dendritic volume, which was already present after 4 days, had not been detected in earlier studies of the LCN. Dark dendrites were found both in normal animals and on the normal and operated sides in operated animals. The variation from animal to animal was great but the figures for the deafferented sides were significantly higher. The general value of the stereological technique in ultrastructural neuroanatomical research is discussed and it is concluded that quantitative methods are more sensitive to small and gradual changes and should give a better estimation of transneuronal effects and of the amount of degeneration than purely qualitative methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01176382
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of organic and cultivated chicken embryonic liver (1966)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 71 (1966), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of embryonic chicken liver cultivated in vitro according to a technique elaborated by one of the present authors, as well as of organic chicken liver of corresponding age have been studied. With regard to growth pattern and cellular structure, the cultivated cells are in the main identical with the organic liver cells except for the endoplasmic reticulum, which is relatively poorly developed, and the mitochondria, which tend to be more spherical in the cultivated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335752
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lateral cervical nucleus in the cat (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 377-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral cervical nucleus ; Cat ; Quantitative study ; Ultrastructural investigation-Neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Profiles of 14 neurons all sectioned through the nucleolar plane and 87 isolated dendritic profiles have been analyzed with respect to the surface area covered by boutons and astroglial processes. This analysis has revealed two different types of neurons within the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of the cat. The cell types also differ in other ultrastructural respects. One type, which probably consists of projection neurons, is characterized by a rather large size, a relatively small nucleus, numerous mitochondria, well developed granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The cell membrane of these cells shows somatic spines and the perikaryon is covered with boutons to a mean extent of 42%. The other cell type, which probably is internuncial, is smaller, has a proportionally larger nucleus, few mitochondria and a poorly developed granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. These cells show no somatic spines and the perikaryal membrane is covered with boutons to an extent of about 10%. Also the bouton populations contacting the two cell types differ from one another. The proportion of internuncial neurons within the LCN has been estimated to about 8%. The internuncial neurons seem to have no preferential localization. The primary dendrites of the projection neurons have a bouton covering of about 48%. No proportional differences in covering could be revealed between different sizes of dendrites. The results are discussed in relation to what is known about the anatomical and physiological organization of the LCN, and also compared with the results obtained in other similar investigations on other parts of the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324940
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver before hatching (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 516-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Chicken ; Prenatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver has been reexamined on specimens fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. This fixation technique gives a preservation of ultrastructural detail superior to that of earlier investigations. Among others the following observations may be pointed out: 1. Bile canaliculi with well-developed microvilli and adjacent tight junctions are present already at the 4-day-old stage and then remain essentially unchanged during development. 2. A subendothelial space of Disse is not present until about 16 days of incubation. 3. The Golgi apparatus does not assume its adult appearance until about 8 days of incubation. 4. Glycogen is first observed in the 6-day-old specimens and then continuously increases throughout development. Glycogen particles often accumulate in membranelimited bodies reminding of the glycogen-filled lysosomes found in a certain type of glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). 5. The mitochondria increase in size and number during development with a conspicuous change from rounded towards more rodshaped and elongated forms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330712
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