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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Bronchopulmonary ; dysplasia ; Tracheobronchial aspirate ; Interleukins ; Cytokines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease often occurring in ventilator-treated very low birth weight infants. The aetiology of BPD is multifactorial and pulmonary immaturity, high oxygen concentrations, peak inspiratory pressure levels and large tidal volumes during prolonged mechanical ventilation are important factors. We measured in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF) the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 receptor antagonist in infants requiring artificial ventilation for BPD (n = 17) or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (n = 15) or postoperatively after surgery (n = 15). The median levels of all studied cytokines in TAF were higher in infants with BPD without local or systemic corticosteroid treatment compared to the median TAF levels of BPD neonates treated with corticosteroids (P = 0.06–P 〈 0.01). The neonates with BPD not treated with corticosteroids also showed higher levels of the five studied cytokines in TAF compared to infants on short-time ventilator treatment (P 〈 0.01–P 〈 0.001) and compared to neonates with RDS (P = 0.07–P 〈 0.001). The corticosteroid treated neonates with BPD had TAF cytokine levels approaching those of the control neonates. Conclusion Tumour necrosis factors α, IL-1β, IL6, IL8 and IL1ra were markedly elevated in tracheobronchial aspirate fluids from neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Corticoid treatment seemed to reduce these levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia ; Tracheobronchial aspirate ; Interleukins ; Cytokines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease often occurring in ventilator-treated very low birth weight infants. The aetiology of BPD is multifactorial and pulmonary immaturity, high oxygen concentrations, peak inspiratory pressure levels and large tidal volumes during prolonged mechanical ventilation are important factors. We measured in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF) the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 receptor antagonist in infants requiring artificial ventilation for BPD (n=17) or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (n=15) or postoperatively after surgery (n=15). The median levels of all studied cytokines in TAF were higher in infants with BPD without local or systemic corticosteroid, treatment compared to the median TAF levels of BPD neonates treated with corticosteroids (P=0.06−P〈0.01). The neonates with BPD not treated with corticosteroids also showed higher levels of the five studied cytokines in TAF compared to infants on short-time ventilator treatment (P〈0.01−P〈0.001) and compared to neonates with RDS (P=0.07−P〈0.001). The corticosteroid treated neonates with BPD had TAF cytokine levels approaching those of the control neonates. Conclusion Tumour necrosis factors α, IL-1β, IL6, IL8 and IL 1 ra were markedly elevated in tracheobronchial aspirate fluids from neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Corticoid treatment seemed to reduce these levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gramnegative Bakterien sind wichtige Erreger invasiver Infektionen bei Neugeborenen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde erstmals eine moderne Fingerprint-Methode eingesetzt, um die Bedeutung verschiedener möglicher Reservoirs für die Besiedelung durch Enterobakterien zu bestimmen. In drei Neugeborenen-Spezialstationen wurden während vier Wochen Untersuchungen bei 46 nacheinander aufgenommenen Neugeborenen durchgeführt. Aus dem Oropharynx, der Nabelschnur und den Faeces der Kinder wurden in 24%, 33% und 100% Enterobakterien isoliert.Klebsiella/Enterobacter spp. waren häufiger nachzuweisen alsEscherichia coli. Stämme, die sich ausgebreitet hatten, waren häufiger als sporadische Stämme. 61% der Neugeborenen waren mit bis zu sechs Stämmen besiedelt, die sich in der Stationsumgebung, vor allem aber auch bei den anderen Neugeborenen nachweisen ließen. Die Umgebung und die Stuhlflora der Mütter und des Pflegepersonals waren von geringerer Bedeutung. Eine vertikale Übertragung erfolgte bei 12% der vaginal entbundenen Neugeborenen und bei keinem der durch Sectio entbundenen Kinder.
    Notes: Summary Gram-negative bacteria are an important cause of invasive infection among neonates. In this study a novel fingerprinting method was used for the first time to assess the importance of various potential reservoirs of the major gram-negative enterobacteria that colonized 46 consecutive infants in three neonatal special care units during a three to four week period. Such bacteria were isolated from the oropharynx, umbilical cord and faeces in 24%, 33% and 100% of the infants, respectively.Klebsiella/Enterobacter spp. dominated overEscherichia coli and spreading (shared) over sporadic strains. Sixty-one percent of the neonates were colonized with at least one and up to six different strains shown to exist in the ward, mainly in other infants. Environmental reservoirs and the faecal flora of mothers and staff were of minor importance. Vertical transmission occurred in 12% of vaginally delivered infants and in 0% of those delivered by caesarean section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between urine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8)/creatinine quotients and99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy, performed within 10 days of acute first-time pyelonephritis and after 1 year, was studied in 41 children. The urine IL-6 and IL-8/creatinine quotients were also related to the urineN-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and albumin/creatinine quotients. Presence of DMSA uptake defects, reflecting local inflammation, in children in the acute phase of pyelonephritis, were associated with elevated urine IL-6/creatinine quotients (median 27 pg/μmol); in children without DMSA changes there was no increase in quotients (median non-detectable) (P〈0.05). Persistent DMSA changes at the 1-year follow-up, probably reflecting renal scarring, were only seen in children with increased urine IL-6/creatinine quotients in the acute phase (P〈0.01). No correlation was found between urine IL-8 and DMSA uptake defects. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) at 6–8 weeks did not correlate with the urine cytokine levels in the acute phase. The urine excretion of NAG and albumin, reflecting renal dysfunction, was associated with values of both urine IL-6 and IL-8/creatinine quotients, but not with DMSA defects or VUR. Thus, the initial urine IL-6/creatinine quotients might be used as an indicator of risk for persistent renal damage in acute pyelonephritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Alle untersuchten 45 Isolate aus Urin, die mikroskopisch Motilität aufwiesen (37Escherichia coli, zweiEnterobacter cloacae, zweiCitrobacter freundii, dreiProteus mirabilis und einProteus morganii) wurden in einem Kapillar-Chemotaxistest von frischem menschlichem Urin stark angezogen. Aus dieser Beobachtung war zu schließen, daß die Taxis gramnegativer Bakterien durch Urin die Invasion dieser Keime in die unteren Harnwege und das Aufsteigen in die Niere(n) begünstigt. Jedoch war die Inzidenz beweglicher Isolate und ihre Aktivität in Taxisversuchen mit Urin bei Isolaten vonE. coli aus dem Stuhl, Isolaten von Patienten mit rezidivierender Cystitis und von Patienten mit vermuteter Pyelonephritis (E. coli-Isolate aus Blut bei gleichzeitigerE. coli-Bakteriurie) ähnlich. Somit war die Hypothese, daß bakterielle Motilität einen Virulenzfaktor für die Harnwegsinfektion darstellt, durch die vorliegende Untersuchung nicht zu stützen.
    Notes: Summary All 45 microscopically motile urinary isolates tested here (37Escherichia coli, twoEnterobacter cloacae, twoCitrobacter freundii, threeProteus mirabilis and oneProteus morganii) were strongly attracted to fresh human urine in a capillary chemotaxis assay. This observation suggested that urine taxis of gram-negative bacteria promotes their invasion of the human lower urinary tract and their ascension to the kidney(s). However, the incidence of motile isolates and their activity in urine taxis assays were similar for fecalE. coli isolates, for isolates from patients with recurrent cystitis and from patients with presumed pyelonephritis (E. coli blood isolates with concomitantE. coli bacteriuria). Thus, the present study ofE. coli did not support the hypothesis that bacterial motility is a virulence factor in urinary tract infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 13 aufeinanderfolgenden Episoden gramnegativer Septikämie (achtEscherichia coli, vierKlebsiella oxytoca, eineKlebsiella pneumoniae), die bei 113 Kindern von drei Neugeborenen-Intensivstationen auftraten, wurden fünf nach neuen Fingerprint-Methoden für Enterobakterien als epidemiologisch assoziiert erkannt. In zehn Episoden fand sich bis zu 70 Tage lang der invasive Phänotyp in der Stuhlflora von bis zu 54% der gleichzeitig behandelten Kinder derselben Station. Zwei Stationen hatten Patienten ausgetauscht, was die Verbreitung der invasiven Stämme weiter begünstigte. Der Fallindex war für bestimmteE. coli-Stämme am höchsten, fürK. oxytoca im allgemeinen gering und bei anderenE. coli-Stämmen am niedrigsten. Kinder, die eine Septikämie entwickelten, hatten ein niedrigeres Geburtsgewicht (p=0,04) oder wurden häufiger als Hockrisikokinder eingestuft als Vergleichskinder, die den invasiven Stamm im Stuhl hatten aber nicht infiziert waren (p=0,04). Die gramnegative Neugeborenensepsis war folglich entweder auf einen hochvirulenten Stamm zurückzuführen, der fähig war, ein reifes, besiedeltes Neugeborenes zu befallen oder einen hochgradig kolonisierenden Phänotyp eines Stammes mit geringerer offensichtlicher Virulenz, der gelegentlich ein Hochrisikokind unter einer großen Zahl kolonisierter Kinder befiel.
    Notes: Summary Of 13 consecutive episodes of gram-negative septicemia (Escherichia coli eight,Klebsiella oxytoca four,Klebsiella pneumoniae one) among 113 infants in three specialcare neonatal units studied, five episodes were epidemiologically related according to a novel fingerprinting method for enterobacteria. In ten episodes the invasive phenotype was found in the fecal flora of up to 54% of the fellow infants in the same ward and for periods of up to 70 days. Two units exchanged patients, which further promoted the transmission of invasive strains. The attack index was highest for certainE. coli strains, generally low forK. oxytoca strains, but lowest for otherE. coli strains. The infants contracting septicemia had lower birth weight (p=0.04) or were more often classified as high-risk infants than matched non-infected fecal carriers of the invasive strains (p=0.04). In summary, gram-negative neonatal septicemia was either due to an apparently high-virulent strain capable of attacking the single full-term infant carrier or a high-colonizing phenotype of lower apparent virulence, which occasionally attacked a high-risk infant among a large number of infants colonized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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