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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycaemic effect and satiating capacity of potato chips and milk chocolate bar as snacks in teenagers with diabetes (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 152 (1993), S. 635-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Glycaemic effect ; Carbohydrates ; High fat ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 14 adolescents with diabetes, the postprandial blood glucose, after ingestion of two popular snacks, milk chocolate bar and potato chips, was compared to a prescribed mid-afternoon snack that was isocaloric with the comparison snacks. The prescribed diabetes snack consisted of wholemeal wheat bread, margarine, cheese and apple (1533 kJ/365 kcal): 14% protein, 32% fat and 54% carbohydrate. The milk chocolate bar and the potato chips contained 4% protein, 55% fat and 41% carbohydrate. The mean blood glucose peak was 4.7 (±0.8) mmol/l after the regular diabetes snack, after the milk chocolate bar 2.9 (±0.6) mmol/l, and 3.2 (±0.6) mmol/l after the potato chips (P〉0.05). The mean incremental area under the blood glucose curve was 450.3 (±105.5) mmol/l×180 min for the regular diabetes snack, 269.5 (±96.7) mmol/l×180 min for the milk chocolate bar and 191.7 (±95.0) mmol/l×180 min for the potato chips (P〉0.05). We conclude that an occasional isocaloric amount of milk chocolate bar or potato chips has no negative impact on the postprandial blood glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955237
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated cytokine levels in tracheobronchial aspirate fluids from ventilator treated neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Bronchopulmonary ; dysplasia ; Tracheobronchial aspirate ; Interleukins ; Cytokines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease often occurring in ventilator-treated very low birth weight infants. The aetiology of BPD is multifactorial and pulmonary immaturity, high oxygen concentrations, peak inspiratory pressure levels and large tidal volumes during prolonged mechanical ventilation are important factors. We measured in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF) the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 receptor antagonist in infants requiring artificial ventilation for BPD (n = 17) or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (n = 15) or postoperatively after surgery (n = 15). The median levels of all studied cytokines in TAF were higher in infants with BPD without local or systemic corticosteroid treatment compared to the median TAF levels of BPD neonates treated with corticosteroids (P = 0.06–P 〈 0.01). The neonates with BPD not treated with corticosteroids also showed higher levels of the five studied cytokines in TAF compared to infants on short-time ventilator treatment (P 〈 0.01–P 〈 0.001) and compared to neonates with RDS (P = 0.07–P 〈 0.001). The corticosteroid treated neonates with BPD had TAF cytokine levels approaching those of the control neonates. Conclusion Tumour necrosis factors α, IL-1β, IL6, IL8 and IL1ra were markedly elevated in tracheobronchial aspirate fluids from neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Corticoid treatment seemed to reduce these levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050386
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated cytokine levels in tracheobronchial aspirate fluids from ventilator treated neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia ; Tracheobronchial aspirate ; Interleukins ; Cytokines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease often occurring in ventilator-treated very low birth weight infants. The aetiology of BPD is multifactorial and pulmonary immaturity, high oxygen concentrations, peak inspiratory pressure levels and large tidal volumes during prolonged mechanical ventilation are important factors. We measured in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF) the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 receptor antagonist in infants requiring artificial ventilation for BPD (n=17) or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (n=15) or postoperatively after surgery (n=15). The median levels of all studied cytokines in TAF were higher in infants with BPD without local or systemic corticosteroid, treatment compared to the median TAF levels of BPD neonates treated with corticosteroids (P=0.06−P〈0.01). The neonates with BPD not treated with corticosteroids also showed higher levels of the five studied cytokines in TAF compared to infants on short-time ventilator treatment (P〈0.01−P〈0.001) and compared to neonates with RDS (P=0.07−P〈0.001). The corticosteroid treated neonates with BPD had TAF cytokine levels approaching those of the control neonates. Conclusion Tumour necrosis factors α, IL-1β, IL6, IL8 and IL 1 ra were markedly elevated in tracheobronchial aspirate fluids from neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Corticoid treatment seemed to reduce these levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02075762
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of the environment and the faecal flora of infants, nursing staff and parents as sources of Gram-negative bacteria colonizing newborns in three neonatal wards (1992)
    Springer
    Infection 20 (1992), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gramnegative Bakterien sind wichtige Erreger invasiver Infektionen bei Neugeborenen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde erstmals eine moderne Fingerprint-Methode eingesetzt, um die Bedeutung verschiedener möglicher Reservoirs für die Besiedelung durch Enterobakterien zu bestimmen. In drei Neugeborenen-Spezialstationen wurden während vier Wochen Untersuchungen bei 46 nacheinander aufgenommenen Neugeborenen durchgeführt. Aus dem Oropharynx, der Nabelschnur und den Faeces der Kinder wurden in 24%, 33% und 100% Enterobakterien isoliert.Klebsiella/Enterobacter spp. waren häufiger nachzuweisen alsEscherichia coli. Stämme, die sich ausgebreitet hatten, waren häufiger als sporadische Stämme. 61% der Neugeborenen waren mit bis zu sechs Stämmen besiedelt, die sich in der Stationsumgebung, vor allem aber auch bei den anderen Neugeborenen nachweisen ließen. Die Umgebung und die Stuhlflora der Mütter und des Pflegepersonals waren von geringerer Bedeutung. Eine vertikale Übertragung erfolgte bei 12% der vaginal entbundenen Neugeborenen und bei keinem der durch Sectio entbundenen Kinder.
    Notes: Summary Gram-negative bacteria are an important cause of invasive infection among neonates. In this study a novel fingerprinting method was used for the first time to assess the importance of various potential reservoirs of the major gram-negative enterobacteria that colonized 46 consecutive infants in three neonatal special care units during a three to four week period. Such bacteria were isolated from the oropharynx, umbilical cord and faeces in 24%, 33% and 100% of the infants, respectively.Klebsiella/Enterobacter spp. dominated overEscherichia coli and spreading (shared) over sporadic strains. Sixty-one percent of the neonates were colonized with at least one and up to six different strains shown to exist in the ward, mainly in other infants. Environmental reservoirs and the faecal flora of mothers and staff were of minor importance. Vertical transmission occurred in 12% of vaginally delivered infants and in 0% of those delivered by caesarean section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01710789
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urine interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in children with acute pyelonephritis, in relation to DMSA scintigraphy in the acute phase and at 1-year follow-up (1994)
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 24 (1994), S. 513-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between urine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8)/creatinine quotients and99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy, performed within 10 days of acute first-time pyelonephritis and after 1 year, was studied in 41 children. The urine IL-6 and IL-8/creatinine quotients were also related to the urineN-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and albumin/creatinine quotients. Presence of DMSA uptake defects, reflecting local inflammation, in children in the acute phase of pyelonephritis, were associated with elevated urine IL-6/creatinine quotients (median 27 pg/μmol); in children without DMSA changes there was no increase in quotients (median non-detectable) (P〈0.05). Persistent DMSA changes at the 1-year follow-up, probably reflecting renal scarring, were only seen in children with increased urine IL-6/creatinine quotients in the acute phase (P〈0.01). No correlation was found between urine IL-8 and DMSA uptake defects. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) at 6–8 weeks did not correlate with the urine cytokine levels in the acute phase. The urine excretion of NAG and albumin, reflecting renal dysfunction, was associated with values of both urine IL-6 and IL-8/creatinine quotients, but not with DMSA defects or VUR. Thus, the initial urine IL-6/creatinine quotients might be used as an indicator of risk for persistent renal damage in acute pyelonephritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02015016
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of cytotoxic necrotizing factor, verocytotoxin and haemolysin by pyelonephritogenicEscherichia coli (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 9 (1990), S. 762-767 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two hundred and thirty-two strains ofEscherichia coli isolated from children with non-obstructive acute pyelonephritis (n=65), women with non-obstructive acute pyelonephritis (n=63) and the faecal flora of healthy children (n=33) and adults (n=71) were examined for cytotoxic necrotizing factor production, haemolysin synthesis, verocytotoxin production and expression of mannose-resistant haemagglutination of human erythrocytes. Forty-eight per cent of the pyelonephritogenicEscherichia coli strains produced cytotoxic necrotizing factor and 61 % produced haemolysin compared to 25 % and 27 % of faecal control strains (p〈0.001 and p〈0.001 respectively). Cytotoxic necrotizing factor production did not occur among the non-haemolyticEscherichia coli strains which confirms the close association between these two toxic factors. The bacterial phenotypes producing both haemolysin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor, and the phenotype expressing both these toxic factors and mannose-resistant haemagglutination occurred significantly more often in pyelonephritogenic strains than in faecal isolates (p〈0.001). Haemolytic strains without the ability to produce cytotoxic necrotizing factor were more common in faecal isolates than in uropathogenic strains (p=0.05). Strains lacking the ability to synthesize both these toxins were also over-represented in faecal isolates (p〈0.01).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184691
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fecal colonization with pyelonephritogenicEscherichia coli in neonates as a risk factor for pyelonephritis (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 5 (1986), S. 643-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the properties of fecal P-fimbriated Escherichia coli strains in neonates and to relate these characteristics to the later development of acute pyelonephritis. In a 2 1/2 year prospective study of the children admitted to a particular neonatal ward, 113 children were found to be fecally colonized with a P-fimbriated Escherichia coli strain. However, only one of these children developed pyelonephritis from this strain during the first year of life. The combined results of serotyping, biochemical phenotyping and determination of outer membrane protein pattern as clonal characterization suggested that only 26 of the P-fimbriated strains belonged to a pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli clone. It is concluded that the risk of a child colonized with an Escherichia coli strain belonging to such a clone of developing pyelonephritis, as calculated in this study, is about 4 %.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02013289
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incidence of aerobactin-positiveEscherichia coli strains in patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 7 (1988), S. 630-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 323Escherichia coli strains from children with primary acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis (n=144) or cystitis (n=56) and from adults with acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis (n=66) or cystitis (n=57) were examined for presence of the aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system and expression of P-fimbriae. Overall, pyelonephritogenicEscherichia coli strains were significantly more often aerobactin-positive (72 %) than cystitis strains (42 %) (p〈0.001). Seventy-three percent of the isolates from children with acute pyelonephritis were aerobactin-positive compared to 54 % of the cystitis strains (p〈0.05). PyelonephritogenicEscherichia coli strains from adults were also significantly more often aerobactin-positive (70 %) than cystitis strains (30 %) (p〈0.001). The cystitis strains from children were more often aerobactin-positive than cystitis strains from adult patients (p〈0.05). There was a significant correlation between presence of the aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system and expression of P-fimbriae in all strains (p〈0.001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964240
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intestinal colonization withClostridium difficile in infants up to 18 months of age (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 8 (1989), S. 390-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The faecal colonization withClostridium difficile was investigated among 343 infants during their first 18 months of life. Rectal swabs were taken at the ages of 6 days, 6 weeks, 6 months, 11 months and 18 months. About 25 % of the children were colonized withClostridium difficile between 6 days and 6 months of age. The colonization rate decreased to 3 % at 18 months of age. The rate of strains producing cytotoxin was low in infants less than 6 months of age, but at that age about half of the strains isolated were toxin-producing. Breast-fed children were significantly less often colonized withClostridium difficile than were bottle-fed infants, both at 6 weeks of age (21 % versus 47 %, p〈0.05) and at 6 months of age (19 % versus 39 %, p〈0.001). Colonization withClostridium difficile at 6 months of age was associated with a greater frequency of diarrhoeal disease between 6 and 11 months of age (27 % versus 16 %, p〈0.05). This association was even more pronounced when the bacteria persisted at 11 months of age (54 %, p〈0.01). Antibiotic therapy could not be demonstrated to influence colonization withClostridium difficile at any age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964052
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    P-fimbriae studies on the diagnosis and prevention of acute pyelonephritis (1985)
    Springer
    Infection 13 (1985), S. S202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Theoretisch gibt es verschiedene Möglichkeiten, die durch P-Fimbrien-tragendeEscherichia coli verursachte Pyelonephritis und renale Narbenbildung zu verhüten. Ein Screening auf Risikopersonen, beispielsweise die jenigen, die mit P-Fimbrien-tragenden pyelonephritogenenE. coli besiedelt sind oder deren uroepitheliale Zellen eine hohe Rezeptordichte haben, könnte vielleicht eine Gruppe definieren, bei der eine Impfung mit einem Rezeptor-Analogon oder mit P-Fimbrien wichtig wäre. Epidemiologische Maßnahmen auf Neugeborenen- und Entbindungsstationen könnten die nosokomiale Verbreitung von virulenten Bakterien verhüten und die Anzahl besiedelter Säuglinge vermindern. Jedoch ist bisher für keine der genannten Methoden der Beweis der klinischen Effizienz erbracht, und derzeit ist es immer noch entscheidend, konventionelle Methoden einzusetzen, um, wie wir es immer getan haben, frühzeitig die Diagnose zu stellen und den Patienten ohne Verzug zu behandeln.
    Notes: Summary Theoretically there are several ways to prevent pyelonephritis and renal scarring caused by P-fimbriatedEscherichia coli. Screening for individuals at risk, e.g. those carrying P-fimbriated pyelonephritogenicE. coli or those with high receptor density on their uroepithelial cells, could perhaps define a population where prophylaxis with a receptor analogue or vaccination with P-fimbriae may be relevant. Epidemiological measures in neonatal and maternity wards may prevent the nosocomial spread of virulent bacteria and reduce the number of colonized infants. However, no such methods have so far had any proven clinical relevance, and today, the important concern is still to try by conventional means — as we have always done — to get an early diagnosis and to treat the patient without delay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01644431
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