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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Remifentanil ; Analgosedierung ; Beatmung ; Intensivmedizin ; Key words Remifentanil ; Analgesia ; Sedation ; Mechanical ventilation ; Critical care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives: It was the aim of this investigation to report our initial clinical experience on the use of remifentanil in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Additionally, we hypothesized that even under intensive care conditions remifentanil might facilitate a temporally predictable and ”programmed” tracheal extubation. Methods: Remifentanil was used for analgesia and sedation of mechanically ventilated patients who were admitted to the ICU following major noncardiac surgery or who had to be ventilated due to respiratory failure. The infusion was started with 0.15 µg/kg/min and then adapted in steps of 0.05 µg/kg/min according to clinical needs. After admission to the ICU the depth of sedation was adjusted to a Ramsay score level of 4 (sleeping patient, immediately arousable) and then targeted at a level of 2–3 (patient awake, co-operative and tranquil or responding to command only). In case of sufficient pain relief but inadequate sedation patients could receive bolus doses of midazolam (1–3 mg) or an infusion of clonidine (0.5 µg/kg/h), the latter especially in case of shivering or hypertension. Prior to extubation bolus doses of piritramide (3–5 mg) and a non-opioid analgesic (metamizol or propacetamol) could be used for postoperative pain relief. Data are presented as mean±SD. Results: A total of 46 patients were studied, aged 62.8±15.4 yr with a mean APACHE II score of 19.2 points. The duration of remifentanil infusion ranged up to 78 h with a mean of 9.8 h. The mean infusion rate was 0.14±0.08 µg/kg/min during ongoing analgesia and sedation and 0.10±0.08 µg/kg/min immediately before its discontinuance. Additional sedatives were necessary in 63% of all patients. Emergence was rapid in the majority of cases: 67% of all patients could safely be extubated within 15 min after termination of remifentanil, and a total of 87% were extubated within 45 min. A development of tolerance was not observed during the study period. Conclusions: Remifentanil appeared to be suitable for analgesia and sedation of critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: Even under intensive care conditions recovery was rapid in the majority of cases, and in two thirds of all patients tracheal extubation was temporally predictable and could be timed within 15 min. These results are best explained by the metabolism and offset of action of remifentanil obviously unaffected in the ICU area. However, for fast emergence the cautious use of additional sedatives is crucial.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit ist ein erster Erfahrungsbericht über den Einsatz von Remifentanil zur Analgosedierung beatmeter Intensivpatienten. Gleichzeitig wurde geprüft, ob eine rasche Extubation auch unter den Bedingungen der Intensivmedizin möglich ist bzw. sogar zeitlich programmiert stattfinden kann. Methodik: Berichtet wird über Patienten, die entweder postoperativ beatmet auf die Intensivstation verlegt wurden oder bei denen im Laufe der Intensivbehandlung eine maschinelle Beatmung erforderlich wurde. Die Remifentanilinfusion erfolgte initial mit 0,15 µg/kg/min und wurde dann in Schritten von ca. 0,05 µg/kg/min dem Bedarf angepaßt. Hierbei wurde unmittelbar postoperativ ein Ramsay-Score von 4 (schlafender Patient, sofort erweckbar), später ein Ramsay-Score von 2–3 (ruhig, kooperativ, wach bzw. auf Ansprache wach) angestrebt. Bei ausreichender Schmerzausschaltung, aber unzureichender Sedierung erhielten die Patienten zusätzlich Midazolamboli (1–3 mg) oder, insbesondere bei Muskelzittern oder Hypertonie, Clonidin 0,5 µg/kg/h; zusätzlich konnten die Patienten vor Ende der Remifentanilzufuhr Piritramidboli (3–5 mg) sowie ein Nichtopioidanalgetikum erhalten. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden die Daten (x–±SD) von 46 Patienten im Alter von 62,8±15,4 Jahren erfaßt (APACHE II Score 19,2±5,1 Punkte). Die mittlere Remifentanil-Infusionsdauer betrug 9,8 h, die mittlere Dosis im Verlauf 0,14±0,08 µg/kg/min und vor Extubation 0,10±0,08 µg/kg/min. 63% der Patienten benötigten zusätzlich Midazolam bzw. Clonidin. Die Extubation war bei 67% der Patienten in einem Zeitraum von ≤15 min bzw. bei insgesamt 87% der Patienten in der Zeitspanne von ≤45 min möglich, lediglich bei 2 der 46 Patienten dauerte dies länger als 120 min. Diskussion: Remifentanil besitzt in der Gruppe der Opioide bekannte pharmakologische Vorteile; hierzu gehört insbesondere das rasche Aufwachverhalten nach Infusionsende. Diese Eigenschaft von Remifentanil kann auch für die Analgosedierung beatmeter Intensivpatienten genutzt werden: So war eine Extubation auch unter den Bedingungen der Intensivmedizin nach vielstündiger maschineller Beatmung meist sehr zügig, bei 2/3 der Patienten sogar innerhalb von 15 min möglich. Der hypnotische Effekt von Remifentanil ist per se gering; bei rund 2/3 der Patienten waren zusätzliche Sedativa erforderlich.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 212 (1966), S. 404-405 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In an endeavour to explain why this iron-complexing ability is not shared by all sugars, we attempted to determine the exact molecular configuration in fructose responsible for this ability and to formulate a general rule which would allow prediction of the iron chelating potential of sugars and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 10 (1965), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Absorption of iron was measured in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and pancreatitis. After 1 µC of Fe59 with 5 mg. of inorganic iron was given by mouth, and the unabsorbed radioactivity had been excreted in the feces, the total body radioactivity was measured in a whole-body gamma spectrometer. The effect of pancreatin on iron absorption was also studied. In each category of disease, increased iron absorption was found, and the addition of pancreatin caused reductions in absorption. Anemia, iron deficiency, and hemolysis made the interpretation of the results difficult, but in some cases the absorption of iron was out of proportion to the body's needs and level of erythropoiesis. Some evidence was presented that liver disease as well as pancreatic disease might be important in causing excessive iron absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 12 (1967), S. 568-576 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of intravenously administered bradykinin on sigmoid motility was studied in subjects with normal and disordered bowel habits. The administration of bradykinin generally reduced the motility in normal subjects as well as in patients with organic and functional conditions. The response, however, was sometimes variable. The greatest reduction was observed in patients with diarrhea. The motor activity induced by prostigmine was abolished by bradykinin. In the control group, the over-all responses were more variable, for reasons which are not understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 18 (1973), S. 781-791 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Iron attachment to brush border membrane of guinea pig small intestine was measured by an in vitro technic. Both inorganic and hemoglobin iron uptake was assessed under various conditions. Electron microscopic and biochemical studies showed that iron was adsorbed to the glycocalyx of the brush border membranes. Iron attachment was selective depending on the iron stores of the animal. Several iron-binding compounds reduced the uptake of inorganic iron when they were added at the beginning of the incubation period and did not affect attachment of hemoglobin iron. Gastric juice markedly increased attachment of heme iron to the pellet. This effect appeared to be related to the effect of acid on the hemoglobin molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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