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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Methylglucose ; glucose ; deoxyglucose ; insulin ; collagenase ; agitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Optimal experimental conditions were defined for measuring the initial uptake rate of the non-metabolizable sugar analogue 3-O-methylglucose in non-stimulated and insulin-stimulated human adipocytes. The permeability of the adipocyte plasma membrane for tracer methylglucose (100 μmol/l) was 2.9×10-7 cm x s-1 at 37 °C and slightly lower at 20 °C. At 37 °C and pH 7.4 insulin (5 nmol/l) increased the permeability about twofold (range 1.5 to fivefold) with half maximal effect at about 100 pmol/l. At pH 7.0 the dose response curve for the insulin effect on the uptake rate of methylglucose was shifted about 2.5-fold to the right. The permeability to L-glucose due to simple diffusion was estimated as 3.0×10-10 cm x s-1 suggesting that uptake of methylglucose occurs almost exclusively by facilitated diffusion. The Km for methylglucose equilibrium exchange in insulin stimulated cells was about 4.8 mmol/l. The initial uptake of tracer methylglucose in insulin-stimulated cells was inhibited by unlabelled methylglucose and by D-glucose with inhibition constants of about 3.8 and 7.7 mmol/l, respectively. Uptake of tracer 2-deoxyglucose (50 umol/l) in insulin-stimulated adipocytes was linear from 10 s to 5 min whereas the rate of uptake in the presence of 3 mmol/l of D-glucose was markedly decreased suggesting that deoxyglucose uptake after a few minutes is mainly limited by hexokinase in the presence of glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 589-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin receptors ; human adipocytes ; insulin degradation ; lipogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The binding of125I-labelled insulin to human adipocytes was studied at 37° C. The precipitability of the125I-labelled insulin preparation (0.03 nmol/l) in trichloroacetic acid and the concentration of biologically active insulin (7.5 nmol/l) remained constant in buffer incubated with human adipocytes (100 μl cells/ml suspension) for 30–60 minutes at 37° C, whereas more than half of the insulin was inactivated by rat fat cells under the same conditions. A constant level of binding of125I-labelled insulin (0.03 nmol/l) to human adipocytes was obtained after 45 minutes. The apparent dissociation constant of receptor binding was about 0.2 nmol/l as compared to about 2 nmol/l for rat adipocytes. Conversion of [U-14C]glucose to lipids was stimulated half-maximally by about 0.05 nmol/l of insulin (similar to rat adipocytes). Thus, half-maximal stimulation of human adipocytes was obtained with a receptor occupancy of about 20–30 per cent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 12 (1976), S. 523-526 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Urinary excretion of insulin ; insulin-like activity ; immunoreactive insulin ; isolated fat cells ; maturity onset diabetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentration of biologically active insulin was measured by the isolated fat cell method in serum and urine from healthy subjects and compared with the concentration of immunoreactive insulin. In both urine and serum the values obtained by the two methods correlated closely. In addition, there was a close correlation between the concentration of biologically active and immunoreactive insulin in urine from maturity onset diabetics. Therefore, conclusions on the excretion in the urine and the urinary clearance of insulin, which are based on measurements of immunoreactive insulin, are also valid for biologically active insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 234-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin receptors ; 3-0-methylglucose ; glucose ; 2-deoxyglucose ; hexose transport ; hexose metabolism ; fat cell size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin binding, initial velocity of [14C]methylglucose transport, uptake of [14C]deoxy-glucose and conversion of [U-14C]glucose to CO2, glyceride-glycerol and fatty acids were measured at 37 °C in adipocytes from rats of different weights (135–450 g) and therefore with different mean cell volumes (53–389 pl). Insulin binding per cell increased with increasing cell size and binding was 2.3 times higher in the largest cells than in the smallest cells with tracer alone. The difference was largely accounted for by an increase in the apparent affinity. Influx of methylglucose per cell increased with increasing cell size in the absence of insulin and remained constant as a function of cell size in its presence. The effect of insulin ranged from 11 fold in small cells to 3.5 fold in large cells. The rate of conversion of [U-14C]glucose to CO2 and lipids was about half of the rate of methylglucose transport under all conditions. In contrast, the uptake of deoxyglucose in insulin-stimulated cells decreased markedly with increasing cell size. Increasing cell size caused a small decrease in sensitivity which could be explained by a smaller amount of insulin bound per unit surface area. The results show that increasing cell size/animal weight causes changes in insulin binding which may explain changes in sensitivity. In addition, the hexose transport system is modified in a way which is not explained by changes in insulin binding. Finally, changes in deoxyglucose uptake with cell size do not parallel changes in methylglucose transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin receptors ; insulin degradation ; human adipocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 125I-insulin binding and receptor-mediated insulin degradation were studied in isolated human fat cells from subcutaneous tissue. A high albumin concentration during cell isolation and incubation protected the fragile human adipocyte from lysis. Binding of tracer was pH dependent with an optimum between 7.4 and 7.6. At 37 °C steady state was reached by 45 min and maintained for at least 2 h. The binding of labelled insulin in the presence of 10 μmol/l unlabelled insulin was only 1–4% of the total insulin binding. The half-maximal displacement of tracer iodoinsulin (10 pmol/l) by unlabelled insulin occurred at 0.25 nmol/l. Kinetic studies of the dissociation of labelled iodoinsulin from fat cells showed a slight acceleration in the presence of a high concentration of unlabelled insulin in the washout buffer as compared to a buffer containing no insulin. At steady state binding about 95% of the cell-associated radioactivity was extracted as iodoinsulin as judged by gel filtration. The remaining 5% co-eluted with iodotyrosine. During 60 min about 90% of the cell-associated radioactivity dissociated as iodoinsulin and the rest as iodotyrosine. Conclusions: 1) A high albumin content of buffers prevents traumatization of the human adipocyte; 2) under these conditions steady state binding of insulin is readily measured at 37 °C; 3) the use of a washing procedure makes the non-specific binding negligible; 4) the human adipocyte insulin receptor has a very high affinity; 5) receptor-mediated insulin degradation is minimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Proinsulin ; insulin ; connecting peptide ; isolated fat cells ; epididymal fat pads ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de la proinsuline bovine et de facteurs analogues sur le métabolisme glucidique de cellules adipeuses isolées de rat a été étudié. La courbe dose-réponse de la proinsuline était paralléle à celle de l'insuline et l'action des deux protéines montrait une évolution dans le temps identique. L'activité de la proinsuline à chaîne unique était d'environ 0.5 U/mg (calculée d'aprés sa capacité à augmenter la conversion de glucose-14C en14CO2 ou en glycérides14C par des cellules adipeuses) et montait à environ 17 U/mg aprés traitement avec de la trypsine. L'activité de l'insuline a été retrouvée quantitativement en présence de pro insuline. Laproinsuline à chaîne rompue montrait une activité de 5 U/mg qui s'élevait à 18 U/mg aprés traitement par la trypsine. Le polypeptide de connexion n'influençait pas le métabolisme glucidique avec ou sans insuline. Dans le milieu d'incubation, il n'y avait pas de conversion de proinsuline en insuline ou en une molécule comparable avec une activité biologique élevée. L'activité était la même avec du tissu adipeux épididymaire de rat qu'avec des cellules adipeuses isolées et il n'y avait pas de suppression significative par l'inhibiteur de trypsine pancréatique de Kunitz dans aucun des deux systémes. Nous sommes arrivés aux conclusions suivantes: L'activité biologique de la proinsuline sur des cellules adipeuses isolées du rat et sur le tissu adipeux épididymaire correspond à environ 2% de celle de l'insuline et l'effet est causé par la molécule de proinsuline elle-même. La raison pour cette activité biologique basse est probablement une affinité réduite pour les récepteurs de l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Rinderproinsulin und verwandter Faktoren auf den Glucosestoffwechsel von isolierten Ratten-Fettzellen wurde untersucht. Die Dosis-Wirkungskurve von Proinsulin verlief parallel zu der von Insulin, und die Einwirkung beider Proteine zeigte einen identischen Zeitablauf. Die Aktivität von einkettigem Proinsulin betrug etwa 0.5 E/mg (wie aus seiner Fähigkeit geschlossen wurde, die Umwandlung von14C-Glucose in14CO2 oder14C-Glyceride in Fettzellen zu steigern), und erhöhte sich nach Trypsinbehandlung a,uf etwa 17 E/mg. — In Gegenwart von Proinsulin ließ sich die Aktivität von Insulin quantitativ wiederfinden. Proinsulin mit gesprengter Kette wies eine Aktivität von 5 E/mg auf, die nach Trypsinandauung auf 18 E/mg anstieg. C-Peptid beeinflußte den Glucosestoffwechsel weder mit noch ohne Insulinzusatz. — In der Inkubationsflüssigkeit von isolierten Zellen ließ sich keine Umwandlung von Proinsulin in Insulin oder ein ähnliches Molokül mit hoher biologischer Aktivität nachweisen. Aktivitätsmessungen am Ratten-Nebenhoden-Fettgewebsanhang erbrachten die gleichen Resultate wie an isolierten Fettzellen, und der Kunitz-Pankreas-Trypsin-Inhibitor führte in keinem der beiden Systeme zu einer signifikanten Hemmung. — Es wurden folgende Schlüsse gezogen: Proinsulin weist an isolierten Ratten-Fettzellen und am epididymalen Fettgewebsanhang der Ratte etwa 2% der biologischen Aktivität von Insulin auf, und der Effekt wird durch das ProinsuIin-Molekül selbst hervorgerufen. Der Grund für die niedrige biologische Aktivität ist vermutlich in einer geringeren Affinität zu den Insulin-Receptoren zu suchen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of bovine proinsulin and related factors on the glucose metabolism of isolated, rat, fat cells was studied. The dose-response curve of proinsulin was parallel to that of insulin and the action of the two proteins showed an identical time course. The activity of single chain proinsulin was about 0.5 U/mg (as estimated from its ability to increase the conversion of14C-glucose to14CO2 or to14C-glycerides by fat cells) and rose to about 17 U/mg after treatment with trypsin. — The activity of insulin was quantitatively recovered in the presence of proinsulin. Split chain proinsulin showed an activity of 5 U/mg, which rose to about 18 U/mg after treatment with trypsin. Connecting peptide did not influence the glucose metabolism in the absence or presence of insulin. — There was no conversion of proinsulin in the isolated cell incubation medium to insulin or a similar molecule with high biological activity. The activity was the same on rat epididymal fat pads as on isolated fat cells, and there was no significant suppression by Kunitz pancreatic trypsin inhibitor in either system. — The following was concluded: the biological activity of proinsulin on rat isolated fat cells and epididymal fat pads is about 2 per cent of that of insulin, and the effect is caused by the proinsulin molecule itself. The reason for the low biological activity is presumably a smaller affinity for insulin receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Modified insulins ; isolated fat cells ; insulin structure-function relationship ; insulin receptor ; 125I-insulin binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A number of modified insulins were assayed for biological activity (increase in synthesis of lipids from glucose) and binding affinity (inhibition of receptorbinding of125I-insulin) on rat fat cells and the following was found: -1. The modified insulins tested showed the same maximal effect as native insulin. Decrease in biological activity induced by modifications was interpreted as decrease in potency. -2. Removal of 2 amino acids from the amino-terminal end of the B chain caused little or no decrease in potency. Removal of 5 amino acids from the carboxy-terminal end of the B chain caused a decrease in potency to about 17% of that of insulin. Removal of one amino acid (glycine) from the amino-terminal end of the A chain caused a decrease in potency to about 1 %. -3. Substitutions with acetyl or succinyl residues at position Al had a greater effect on the potency than substitution at position B1 or B29. -4. Cross linkage between positions A1 and B29 caused decreases in potency on fat cells to between 2 and 10%. Cross linkage between positions A1 and B1 almost abolished biological activity. −5. 9 of the modified insulins were tested for ability to inhibit binding of125I-insulin to fat cell receptor sites. The decrease in receptor binding affinity induced by chemical modifications was, in all cases, in agreement with the decrease in biological potency.-6. It is concluded that the binding affinity of insulin to the receptor, and therefore the potency, is dependent on (1.) a largely unchanged tertiary structure of the insulin molecule and (2.) free access to the region of the amino-terminal end of the A chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 211 (1970), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes 599 (1980), S. 689-698 
    ISSN: 0005-2736
    Keywords: (Rat adipocyte) ; 2-Deoxyglucose transport ; 3-O-Methylglucose ; Glucose ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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