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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils (1975)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 33 (1975), S. 91-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Carbohydrates ; Mongolian gerbils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A cerebral ischemia was produced by unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery in the neck of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), which are frequently characterized by deficiencies in the circulus of Willis. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycogen were measured in the hemisphere on the side of occlusion and in the contralateral control hemisphere of animals sacrificed after 5, 15 and 30 min, as well as after 1, 3, 5 and 9 hrs of carotid clamping. Significant decrease of glucose, and increase in lactate and pyruvate concentration were found in the hemisphere ipsilateral to occlusion; the extent of the changes was proportional to the duration of the ischemia. After an initial fall, an increase in the glycogen content occurred in the later stages of ischemia. Glycogen, glucose, lactate and pyruvate were determined also at 1, 5, 20 hrs and 1 week intervals following release of an occlusion lasting for 1 hr. Return to normal values of glucose and pyruvate was seen at 1 hr after release. The lactate and glycogen levels were significantly raised on the occluded side after 20 hrs release. An increased level of glycogen was observed as long as 1 week after a 1-hr carotid occulusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687536
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils (1976)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Blood-brain barrier ; Mongolian gerbils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of the BBB in cerebral ischemia was studied in symptompositive Mongolian gerbils subjected to left common carotid artery occlusion using Evans Blue dye as indicator of BBB injury. The BBB damage was demonstrable grossly by the presence of areas of blue discoloration, and microscopically by the presence of a bright red fluorescent tracer, localized mostly in the neurons. The survey of various groups of animals revealed a direct relationship between the incidence and time of appearance of the BBB lesions and the duration of the ischemic occlusion. This relationship can be interpreted as another example of the previously described “maturation” phenomenon. A relatively late occurrence of the BBB injury in cerebral ischemia, at the time when the affected brain tissue shows severe, edematous histopathologic changes indicates that the brain edema, as the main complication of ischemia, could be regarded as being primarily of the cytotoxic type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00684938
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental cerebral ischemia in mongolian gerbils (1976)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 36 (1976), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Mongolian gerbils ; Ultrastructural changes ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mongolian gerbils exposed to relatively short (7 or 15 min) unilateral or bilateral occlusions of the common carotid artery develop, 20 h after release of the clipping, characteristic morphologic changes in the H3 sector of the hippocampus. Ultrastructural study of these changes revealed an eccentric shift of the nuclei associated with chromatolytic perikarya which showed a dense accumulation of lysosomes and mitochondria in their central parts. The Golgi apparatus was recognizable only by clusters of vesicles, and this change was associated with a negative thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685372
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils (1975)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 209-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral Ischemia ; Mongolian Gerbils ; Light Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light microscopic observations were carried out on Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) subjected to a partial cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the left common carotid artery at the neck. About 30% of gerbils developed an ischemic injury in the ipsilateral hemisphere and their brains revealed the following histopathologic features: 1. the changes were related to the intensity (duration) of the ischemic insult and to the time elapsed following release of the occlusion. The ischemic lesions appear to progress after re-establishment of the circulation and this presents one facet of a “maturation” phenomenon which seems to be a general principle applicable to various parameters of ischemic injury. The rate of “maturation” of the lesions is related to the intensity of the ischemic insult, a lesser intensity resulting in longer development of lesions. 2. The changes were either focal or diffuse in character. The former were assumed to be directly related to a vascular involvement; among the latter the topistic distribution of the hippocampal changes suggested a feature of selective vulnerability. 3. An indirect indication of neuronal recovery was surmised from observations on animals sacrificed after different periods following occlusions of the same duration. Also capable of recovery was a “reactive change” observed in the H3 neurons of the hippocampus. This change was characterized by central chromatolysis and resembled the “primäre Reizung” of Nissl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696570
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils (1976)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 36 (1976), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Biogenic amines ; Mongolian gerbils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Behaviour of biogenic amines was studied in the brains of Mongolian gerbils subjected to unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Assays on the hemispheres ipsilateral to occlusion revealed in symptom-positive animals a progressive decrease in norepinephrine and dopamine, and an increase in serotonin throughout the duration of an ischemic insult. In post-ischemic periods following the release of the clip, changes in biogenic amine levels generally conformed to the principles of a previously described “maturation” phenomenon, with delayed reactions occurring after the shorter ischemic insults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00685142
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain swelling and brain oedema in acute head injury (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 79 (1986), S. 120-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Acute head injury ; brain swelling ; cerebral contusion ; brain oedema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronological changes in diffuse brain swelling and brain oedema were studied in repeated CT studies following a closed head injury. These findings were compared with changes in intracranial pressure (ICP). The grades of diffuse brain swelling were classified into mild, moderate and marked according to the CT findings. Planimetry of low density areas of brain oedema was carried out on repeated CT images. Diffuse brain swelling was recognized in 71 of patients shortly after the head injury and subsided within days 3–5. Brain oedema first appeared 24 hours post injury and did not reach its maximum size and distribution before days 5–8. Thus, these two events can be clearly separated. The intracranial pressure reflected the course of the brain swelling and was not very high during the presence of maximum oedema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01407455
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the extension of peritumoural brain oedema. A CT-study (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 95 (1988), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain tumours ; brain oedema ; oedema extension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human brain tumours the extension of peritumoural brain oedema may vary considerably. 37 brain tumours of various pathology and 2 abscesses were examined to identify the factors and mechanisms responsible for the oedema spreading. Peritumoural oedema profiles were determined towards the white matter and ventricle by measuring the CT-numbers of consecutive tissue blocks of 3.0–3.6 mm from the tumour to the normal white matter or the ventricle. It was found that neither the size of the tumour nor the histology has a close relationship to the amount of peritumoural oedema. The distance of oedema spreading rather is determined by the amount of fluid accumulation in the white matter immediately bordering the tumour. This relationship corresponds to a semilogarithmic function and represents the relation between the tumour-adjacent accumulation of extracellular fluid volume and the distance of extracellular fluid movement. The analysis of this relation leads to the suggestion that pressure gradients and bulk flow are involved in the development of human peritumoural oedema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01793077
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation and propagation of brain oedema fluid around human brain metastases. A CT study (1988)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 90 (1988), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Brain oedema ; brain tumours ; oedema formation ; oedema propagation ; dexamethasone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Computerized tomography (CT) was used to examine the timecourse of the propagation of extravasated contrast medium from small brain metastases into the peritumoural oedematous white matter, following infusion of 200 ml of meglumine amidtrizoate for 3 hours. Four patients with a metastatic brain tumour were examined. CT scans at identical levels were taken 1.5, 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours after start of contrast infusion. Following 4–7 days of dexamethasone treatment (8–12mg/day i.v.) the examination was repeated. A contrast-enhanced area was observed surrounding the clearly delineated tumours, expanding gradually in a circular fashion into the peritumoural white matter oedema. The expanding circular enhancement was measured planimetrically on the various scans. From these values, the increase in radius/hr respectively in volume/hr was calculated, assuming a spherical geometry. This enabled a determination of the rate of oedema fluid formation and of the speed of oedema fluid propagation. The formation rate of oedema fluid amounted to 0.5–3.2ml/hour and the speed of oedema fluid spreading to 1.9 mm/hour. Following treatment with dexamethasone the formation rate of oedema fluid is reduced by 30–50%. The important clinical implications of these new findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541264
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and quantitative distribution of human peritumoural brain oedema in computerized tomography (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 81 (1986), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Human peritumoral brain oedema ; oedema in CT ; brain oedema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Computerized tomography (CT) was used to study the pathways of oedema spreading in man. Based on the assumption that local changes in CT numbers in oedematous white matter closely correspond to changes in tissue water content, CT numbers of consecutive tissue blocks of 3.0–3.6 mm were examined in the main directions of oedema spreading: a) towards the deep white matter, b) towards the cortex and c) towards the ventricle. Tumours with oedema grade II and III showed a reduction of CT number of 10 + 1.8. The corresponding increase in water content of about 10–12% seems to be an upper limit of fluid accumulation in the white matter. From this oedema centre, water content very slowly and gradually decreased along the oedema projection into the deep white matter. In contrast, if oedema reached the cortex of adjacent gyri, the decline in water content was very sharp. A similar observation was made in the external capsule where oedema sharply declined at the border to the adjacent grey matter, putamen and claustrum. Oedema projection towards the ventricle showed a nearly uniform magnitude from the centre to the ventricular lining, suggesting a certain resistance by a limited capacity of transependymal drainage of oedema fluid. It is assumed that the spatial distribution and extension of oedema around a brain tumour is determined by a system of differential resistance to fluid movement in the following order: grey matter — ventricular lining — white matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01456265
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced cisternal drainage and cerebral vasospasm in early aneurysm surgery (1986)
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 80 (1986), S. 18-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Early aneurysm surgery ; cerebral vasospasm ; cisternal drainage ; hypertensive hypervolemic therapy ; third ventriculostomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enhanced cisternal drainage was performed following early aneurysm surgery in patients with Hunt and Kosnik grades I–III, to effect continuous wash-out of subarachnoid blood clots and reduce symptomatic vasospasm. Following extensive evacuation of the cisternal blood clots, the Liliequist's membrane was opened extensively and a third ventriculostomy was effected by opening the lamina terminals. The drainage effect was considered as poor, moderate or fair, depending on the average amount of CSF drainage/day. SAH was graded into 0–III depending on the severity of cisternal haematoma in the pre-operative CT. No symptomatic vasospasm occurred in patients with SAH grade I. In SAH grade II +III patients symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 78,60 and 42% of patients with a poor, moderate and fair drainage effect, respectively. Nine patients who developed symptomatic vasospasm were treated by hypertensive/hypervolemic therapy (HHT). The HHT was effective in 7 patients with fair and moderate CSF drainage and ineffective in 2 patients with poor a drainage effect. It seems, that enhanced post-operative cisternal drainage can reduce the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm and be of benefit to the outcome of early aneurysm surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01809552
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