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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Balloon valvuloplasty ; Aortic stenosis ; Pulsed Doppler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty (PTV) was performed in 24 patients (aged 67–86 years, mean: 76±5.7 years) with calcific aortic stenosis and high operative risk. The gradient between maximal left ventricular and aortic pressures (peak-to-peak gradient, PPPG) could be reduced by 52% from 73±21 to 34±12 mmHg (p〈0.001). Peak pressure gradient (PPG), as assessed by continuous wave Doppler, could be reduced from 80±28 to 58±21 mmHg (p〈0.001). Aortic valve area (AVA) as determined by Doppler and two dimensional echocardiography increased significantly from 0.39±0.14 to 0.61±0.3 cm2 (p〈0.05). Clinical symptoms were found to be improved in 5 of 8 patients with impaired ejection fraction and in 11 of 16 patients with normal ejection fraction during the first week after PTV. Complications due to the procedure were surgical revision of femoral artery puncture site in one patient and hemodynamic relevant pericardial effusion in another patient. Transmitral early (E) and late (L) diastolic filling integrals were measured by pulsed Doppler: the ratio E/L decreased significantly after PTV from 0.9±0.5 to 0.63±0.31 (p〈0.03) indicating further reduction of left ventricular early diastolic filling. Ejection fraction, stroke volume and cardiac output did not significantly change immediately after PTV. The results indicate, that PTV can successfully reduce aortic pressure gradients and improve symptoms in patients with calcific aortic stenosis and high operative risk. Doppler echocardiography provides an adequate method to noninvasively evaluate the initial outcome of PTV and seems valuable for the assessment of long term results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 75 (1997), S. 115-129 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Transgenic animals ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Disease models ; animal ; Gene expression regulation ; Gene therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Application of molecular genetic tools to inherited cardiovascular disorders has provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, blood pressure regulation, and atherosclerosis. In addition, alteration of gene expression has been observed under common cardiovascular conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Recent advances in transgenic and gene-targeting approaches allow a sophisticated manipulation of the mouse genome by gene addition, gene deletion, or gene modifications. These transgenic models enable the dissection of in vivo pathways responsible for these complex disease phenotypes. This review describes tissue-specific promoters suitable for targeting candidate genes to the cardiovascular system as well as a number of valuable transgenic animal models of blood pressure regulation, atherogenesis, defects in the coagulation system, cardiac hypertrophy, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, and heart failure. Limitations and difficulties associated with these transgenic approaches are discussed. Animal models which may provide a basis for future gene therapy of cardiovascular diseases are introduced. Finally, methods are described to regulate the spatial and temporal expression level of a transgene, to inactivate a target gene in a tissue-specific manner, and to introduce specific mutations into the genome. These recent advances in transgenic technology are expected to have a considerable impact on cardiovascular research in the near future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 752 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 26 (1994), S. 1123-1131 
    ISSN: 0022-2828
    Keywords: C-protein ; Cardiac function ; Development ; Phosphorylation ; Troponin I
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Keywords: Key words Coronary artery dissection – traumatic myocardial infarction – PTCA – Stent ; Schlüsselwörter Koronararteriendissektion – traumatischer Myokardinfarkt – PTCA – Stent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Okklusion der Koronararterien nach stumpfem, nicht penetrierendem Thoraxtrauma ist äußerst selten. Vor Einführung der perkutanen transluminalen Koronarangioplastie (PTCA) und der Möglichkeit der Stentimplantation konnten derartige Koronarverschlüsse nur konservativ oder mit Hilfe einer koronararteriellen Bypassoperation behandelt werden. In dem vorliegenden Fall berichten wir über die Komplikation einer mutmaßlichen Dissektion der rechten Koronararterie nach stumpfen Thoraxtrauma mit myokardialer Infarzierung am vierten posttraumatischen Tag.¶   Ein nach einem Verkehrsunfall mit stumpfem Thoraxtrauma eingelieferter, bis dato gesunder, 36-jähriger Patient zeigte vier Tage nach Aufnahme die Zeichen eines akuten Hinterwandinfarktes mit hämodynamischer Instabilität. In einer daraufhin veranlassten Koronarangiographie zeigte sich ein subtotaler Verschluss der rechten Koronararterie auf dem Boden einer Koronardissektion, die mittels PTCA und Stentimplantation wiedereröffnet werden konnte. Nach weiterhin unkompliziertem Verlauf wurde der Patient in beschwerdefreiem Zustand aus der Klinik entlassen.
    Notes: Summary Coronary artery occlusion followed by myocardial infarction in the setting of nonpenetrating chest trauma is extremely rare. Before the advent of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), the only treatment option for coronary artery occlusion after chest trauma was supportive therapy or coronary artery bypass grafting. We report a case of myocardial infarction after occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA), presumably due to a dissection of the proximal segment.¶   A previously healthy 36 year old man without risk factors of coronary heart disease was involved in a car accident and subsequently admitted to the emergency ward with a blunt chest trauma. On day four, the ECG showed signs of posterior myocardial infarction. The left ventricular posterior wall was akinetic on echocardiography. Due to these echocardiographic findings and ECG changes, a coronary angiography was performed which showed an angiographically normal left coronary artery. However, the RCA was dissected shortly after its origin. RCA revascularization was achieved by PTCA and stenting of the dissected segment with a good angiographic result. The subsequent clinical course was uneventful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 86 (1997), S. 785-787 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Einleitung Seit 1951 sind Messungen von kardialen Enzymen fester Bestandteil der Diagnostik von Patienten mit Infarktverdacht und dienen zusammen mit dem EKG der Klassifikation von Patienten mit Thoraxschmerz. Trotz erheblicher Fortschritte in der analytischen Methodik sind der Präzision der Infarktdiagnostik durch Enzyme enge Grenzen gesetzt, die sich aus der fehlenden Organspezifität und der individuellen Variabilität der Blutspiegel der kardialen Enzyme ergeben. Deshalb versagen die Enzymkriterien, wenn es gilt, Mikroinfarkte nachzuweisen oder wenn Herzmuskelnekrosen von skelettmuskulären Schädigungen zu differenzieren sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Instabile Angina – Myokardinfarkt – Prädiktoren – Quantitative Koronarangiographie – Restenose ; Key words Myocardial infarction – predictors – quantitative coronary¶angiography – restenosis –¶unstable angina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Angioplasty in acute coronary syndromes is complicated by a high rate of early vessel reocclusion and restenosis. Therefore, it is recommended to achieve a „stent-like” result by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or otherwise use coronary stenting (provisional stenting).¶   This study sought to determine angiographic and patient-related factors that are associated with early target vessel reocclusion or luminal renarrowing after coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes (ACS).¶   In an observational prospective study we investigated 161 patients with ACS (acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina) submitted to PTCA. In 140 patients a follow-up angiography after 10 days was obtained. All angiograms were quantitatively evaluated by computerized measurements.¶   Target vessel reocclusion and early luminal renarrowing was observed in 10 patients (7.1%) and 19 patients (13.6%), respectively. Using univariate analysis, significant risk factors (P 〈0.05) for early reocclusion and renarrowing were diabetes mellitus (relative risk [RR] 6.1 and 5.0), arterial hypertension (RR 7.7 and 3.3), postprocedural lesion length ≥2.5mm (RR 6.8 and 7.1), postprocedural minimal lumen diameter ≤2.5 mm (RR9.0 and 5.8), residual stenosis ≥25% (RR 4.8 and 3.5) and absence of stents (RR 4.1 and 3.2). Moreover, in multivariate analysis hypertension and postprocedural lesion length could be identified as independent risk factors for reocclusion and renarrowing. Diabetes mellitus was found to be an independent risk factor for renarrowing.¶   Conclusions: In a consecutive series of patients with ACS undergoing PTCA with provisional stenting the occurrence of early target vessel reocclusion and luminal renarrowing is lower than previously reported for this subset of patients treated by PTCA alone. Adverse outcome is related to absence of stents, angiographic factors (residual stenosis, lesion length, minimal lumen diameter after procedure) and patient-related factors such as diabetes and hypertension.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Angioplastie beim akuten Koronarsyndrom wird durch eine hohe Rate früher Gefäß-Reokklusionen und Restenosen kompliziert. Daher wird bei der perkutanen transluminalen Koronarangioplastie (PTCA) im klinischen Alltag oft ein „stent-gleiches“ Ergebnis angestrebt und andernfalls eine intrakoronare Stentimplantation durchgeführt (provisional stenting).¶   Diese Studie sollte angiographische und patientenbezogene Risikofaktoren aufzeigen, die für Frühverschluss oder Lumeneinengung des Zielgefäßes nach Koronarintervention bei akutem Koronarsyndrom (AKS) prädisponieren.¶   In einer prospektiven Verlaufsbeobachtung untersuchten wir 161 Patienten mit AKS (akuter Myokardinfarkt und instabile Angina pectoris), die mittels PTCA behandelt wurden. Bei 140 Patienten konnte eine Verlaufsangiographie nach 10 Tagen durchgeführt werden. Alle Angiogramme wurden quantitativ durch computerunterstützte Auswertung analysiert.¶   Reokklusion und Lumeneinengung des Zielgefäßes traten bei 10 Patienten (7,1%) bzw. 19 Patienten auf (13,6%). Als signifikante Risikofaktoren (p 〈0,05) für Frühverschluss und Lumeneinengung zeigten sich in der univariaten Analyse Diabetes mellitus (relatives Risiko [RR] 6,1 und 5,0), arterieller Hypertonus (RR 7,7 und 3,3), postinterventionelle Läsionslänge ≥2,5 mm (RR 6,8 und 7,1), postinterventioneller minimaler Lumendiameter ≤2,5 mm (RR 9,0 und 5,8), Reststenose ≥25% (RR 4,8 und 3,5) und das Fehlen eines Stents (RR 4,1 und 3,2). Außerdem konnten in der multivariaten Analyse Hypertonus und postinterventionelle Läsionslänge als unabhängige Risikofaktoren für Reokklusion und Lumeneinengung identifiziert werden. Zusätzlich fand sich Diabetes mellitus als unabhängiger Risikofaktor für eine Lumeneinengung.¶   Schlussfolgerungen: In einer Verlaufsserie von Patienten mit AKS, die mittels PTCA und provisional stenting behandelt wurden, ist die Inzidenz für Frühverschluss und Lumeneinengung des Zielgefäßes niedriger als bisher für dieses Patientenkollektiv bei alleiniger PTCA beschrieben. Die genannten Komplikationen sind verknüpft mit dem Fehlen eines Stents, angiographischen Faktoren (Reststenose, postinterventionelle Läsionslänge und minimaler Lumendiameter) und patientenbezogenen Faktoren wie Diabetes oder Hypertonus.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction ; Myosin light chains ; CK-MB-isoenzyme ; Left ventricular function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Infarct size can be estimated noninvasively by analysis of circulating CK-MB and/or cardiac myosin light chains. To investigate whether myosin light chains release is correlated with the impairment of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction, this marker protein was determined by liquid phase radioimmunoassay in serial blood samples of 25 patients. Likewise CK-MB was measured in the same blood samples. From the serum concentration changes the cumulative appearance was calculated as an estimate of infarct size. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, global and regional ejection fraction were measured immediately and 3 weeks after admission. Particularily during the chronic phase of myocardial infarction a close correlation was found between serological estimates of infarct size and impairment of left ventricular function. The cumulative appearance of myosin light chains was superior to CKMB in assessing the hemodynamic impact of myocardial infarction in the acute and chronic stage. Therefore, myosin light chains are an appropriate serological indicator for the hemodynamic significance of myocardial infarction during the acute and chronic stage and might allow an assessment of the patients' risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Human atria ; Cardiac hypertrophy ; Skinned fibres ; Ca-sensitivity ; Shortening velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical properties of myocardium of different animals are modified by a chronic increase in haemodynamic load. In this study differences in calcium sensitivity and maximum unloaded shortening velocity of hypertrophic and non-hypertrophic chemically skinned human atrial fibres are characterized. Investigating right atria of 34 patients, possible correlations are studied between preoperative atrial pressure, degree of hypertrophy (estimated from the muscle fibre diameter), calcium responsiveness (pCa50 eliciting half-maximum contraction) and V max (unloaded shortening velocity). Hypertrophic fibres from atrial appendages of patients having an increased right atrial pressure (RAP 8.5±1.6 mm Hg) and suffering from mitral valve disease (stenosis and insufficiency combined) had a fibre diameter of 18.0±0.9 μm. They also had a higher calcium sensitivity (pCa50 5.65±0.08) and a lower unloaded shortening velocity (1.7±0.1 muscle lengths/s) than non-hypertrophic fibres from the appendages of patients with normal right atrial pressure (RAP 3.2±0.5 mm Hg) and coronary heart disease (CHD: pCa50 5.45±0.04; V max= 3.4±0.2 muscle lengths/s; fibre diameter 12.8±0.4 μm). Thus non-hypertrophic fibres from control CHD patients differed significantly (p 〈 0.01) from hypertrophied atrial fibres of patients with mitral valve disease and with combined valve disease (MAV, pCa50=5.58±0.05, V max 2.0±0.3 muscle lengths/s, fibre diameter 14.6±0.9 μm) or aortic valve disease (stenosis combined with insufficiency, fibre diameter 14.8±1.4 μm, pCa50 5.56±0.03, V max 2.0±0.24 muscle lengths/s; RAP 11.0±2.6 mm Hg). Such alterations of calcium responsiveness, shortening velocity and fibre thickness may reflect an adaptation to the chronic overload in atria from patients with various forms of heart valve disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der funktionellen Reserve des linken Ventrikels (LV) wird unter klinischen Bedingungen die Analyse des postextrasystolischen (PES) Schlags, der einer zufällig ausgelösten Extrasystole folgt, benutzt. Wir haben deshalb die Beziehung zwischen dem Ausmaß der PES-Potenzierung und dem ng und dem normalisierten Kopplungsintervall (RR'/RR) einerseits und zum anderen die Beziehung zwischen der PES-Potenzierung und der normalisierten Länge der PES-Pause (R'R/RR) untersucht. Dazu wurden bei Patienten mit und ohne koronare Herzkrankheit programmierte Extrasystolen während Tipmanometermessungen und während LV-Angiographie ausgelöst. Der PES-Zuwachs der maximalen LV-Druckanstiegsgeschwindigkeit (max. dP/dt) zeigte eine enge exponentielle Beziehung zum Kopplungsintervall (r=0,87–0,99) und zur Länge der PES-Pause (r=0,85–0,99) beim einzelnen Patienten, wenn interponierte Extrasystolen nicht berücksischtigt wurden. Wenn die PES-Schläge nach interponierten Extrasystolen (d. h. ohne kompensatorische Pause) mitberücksichtigt wurden, nahm die Schärfe der Beziehung zwischen dem max dP/dt-Zuwachs und der Länge der PES-Pause deutlich ab (r=0,24 bzw. 0,33 bei zwei Patienten). Als ein Beispiel für einen Parameter der Austreibungsphase der LV-Kontraktion wurde die Austreibungsfraktion (EF) untersucht. Die EF-Veränderung im PES-Schlag zeigte keinen Zusammenhang mit dem Kopplungsintervall der vorausgegangenen Extrasystole (r=0,05), und zeigte eine nur mäßig stark ausgeprägte Beziehung zur Länge der PES-Pause (r=0,67), die noch schwächer wurde, wenn die PES-Schläge nach interponierten Extrasystolen ausgeschlossen wurden (r=0,45). Nach diesen Ergebnissen wird max. dP/dt im PES-Schlag sowohl vom Kopplungsintervall der vorangegangenen Extrasystole als auch von der Länge der PES-Pause stark beeinflußt. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die EF nicht abhängig vom Kopplungsintervall der Extrasystole und nur mäßig abhängig von der Länge der PES-Pause. Wenn die funktionelle LV-Reserve mit Parametern der Austreibungsphase, z. B. mit der EF, beurteilt wird, erscheint die Analyse von PES-Schlägen nach nichtprogrammierten Extrasystolen zulässig.
    Notes: Summary The analysis of the post-extrasystolic (PES) beat, which follows an at random elicited extrasystole, has been used frequently in clinical studies for the evaluation of the functional reserve of the left ventricle. Therefore, the relation between the PES potentiation and the normalized coupling interval (RR'/RR) and the normalized length of the PES pause (R'R/RR) were investigated in patients with and without coronary heart disease by means of programmed extrasystoles. The PES increase of the maximal rate of left ventricular (LV) pressure rise (max dP/dt) showed a good exponential correlation with the coupling interval in the individual patients (r=0.87–0.99) and with length of the PES pause (r=0.87–0.99), as interpolated extrasystoles were excluded. With interpolated extrasystoles the correlation between the max dP/dt-increase and the length of the PES pause became much weaker (r=0.24 resp. 0.33 in two patients). As an angiographic ejection phase parameter of LV function the ejection fraction was analyzed. The change of EF in the PES beat was completely independent (r=0.05) from the coupling interval of tje preceding extrasystole and showed an only moderate correlation to the length of the PES pause (r=0.67), which became weaker when the interpolated extrasystoles were excluded (r=0.46). The presented data suggest that max dP/dt in the PES beat is strongly influenced by the length of the PES pause and by the coupling interval of the extrasystole. In contrast, the EF in the PES beat is not influenced by the coupling interval of the preceding extrasystole and only moderately dependent on the length of the PES pause. When the functional LV reserve is evaluated in terms of angiographic ejection phase parameters (e.g. ejection fraction), the use of PES beats following randomly occurring extrasystoles appears to be justified.
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