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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 143-147 (Oct. 1993), p. 797-802 
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 31 (1990), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of azelastine, an orally effective antiasthmatic/antiallergic drug, on the generation of oxygenderived free radicals in phagocytes was investigated using different chemiluminescence-assays. The chemiluminescence (CL) of both human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNL) and guinea-pig alveolar macrophages (AM) was induced either by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or zymosan and amplified either by lucigenin or DMNH (7-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1,2-dicarbonic-acidhydrazide). The inhibitory effect of azelastine was dependent on the inducer employed and the condition and type of cells used. Azelastine reduced PMA-induced CL concentration-dependently in both PMNL (IC30=3.9 μM) and AM (IC30=9.8 μM). In AM zymosan-induced CL was inhibited 21.7% by 10 μM azelastine, whereas in PMNL it remained unchanged up to 10 μM azelastine. Azelastine has a significantly stronger inhibitory effect (IC30=4.2 μM) on oxygen free radical generation in AM primed by fetal calf serum than in unprimed AM. Based on present results it is likely that azelastine inhibitis oxygen-derived free radical generation by interaction with protein kinase C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Argentine ant ; allozyme electrophoresis ; inbreeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Worker and queen samples of the Argentine antIridomyrmex humilis were analysed using allozyme electrophoresis. Two loci,peptidase andglucosephosphate isomerase, were found to be stainable and polymorphic. Both revealed an estimated relatedness in nestmate females that was close to zero, which is a consequence of the strong polygyny in this species. The inbreeding coefficient was found to be close to zero, which can be explained, in spite of intra-nest mating taking place inI. humilis, by the high mobility of mated queens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 49 (1971), S. 604-607 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand zweier pharmakokinetischer Modelle wurde bei bei gesunden Probanden eine vergleichende Analyse des Konzentrationsablaufs von3H-β-Methyldigoxin imSerum nach oraler und intravenöser Gabe (Infusion) vorgenommen. Die mit den verwendeten Auswertungsmethoden berechnete Halbwertszeit von 22 min für die Überführung3H-β-Methyldigoxin in den Organismus entspricht einer ungewöhnlich raschen Glykosidinvasion nach oraler Gabe. Aus den fast identischenc 0-Werten in beiden Kompartimenten nach oraler und intravenöser Gabe geht eine nahezu vollständige Resorption hervor. Die Halbwertszeit von etwa 20 h für die Elimination aus Kompartiment II läßt einen raschen Glykosidschwund aus dem Organismus erkennen.
    Notes: Summary Serum concentrations of3H-β-methyldigoxin after oral and intravenous administration (infusion) were compared in normal individuals by the application of two pharmacokinetic models. The half-life of 22 minutes for the enteral absorption obtained by the applied statistical methods reflect an unusually rapid entry of the glycoside into the organism. The intestinal absorption of3H-β-methyldigoxin is almost complete, as evidenced by nearly identicalc 0-values in both compartments after oral and intravenous administration. The half-life of approximately 20 hr for the elimination from compartment II indicates rapid excretion of the glycoside.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 889-896 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Bezafibrat ; Niereninsuffizienz ; Pharmakokinetik ; Dosierungsschema ; Renale Clearance ; Extrarenale Clearance ; Bezafibrate ; Pharmacokinetics ; Dosage scheme ; Renal failure ; Renal clearance ; Extrarenal clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The pharmacokinetics of bezafibrate were investigated in the serum and urine of 22 patients with impaired renal function of different degrees after a single oral dose. The results of the first study were checked by a second study in another 12 patients with advanced renal insufficiency using multiple dosing. Both studies revealed an almost identical hyperbolic relationship between the mean serum concentration over 24 h and the endogenous creatinine clearance. Since the vertex of this hyperbola is positioned at a creatinine clearance of 50 ml/min, only greater impairment of the renal function requires dose reduction, the respective nomograms and schedules for which are given. Even in advanced renal failure (creatinine clearance 10–25 ml/min) the total serum clearance of bezafibrate was considerably higher (27 ml/min) than that reported in the literature for clofibric acid. It is of interest to note that not only the renal but also the “extrarenal” clearance, which in normals accounts for approximately half of the total clearance of bezafibrate, was considerably depressed in advanced renal failure. This might indicate that part of the extrarenal mechanism of bezafibrate elimination, e.g. the glucuronidation, might occur in the kidneys. Knowledge of the kinetic behaviour of bezafibrate in patients with impaired renal function also allows rational therapy in the presence of this condition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Pharmakokinetik von Bezafibrat wurde in Serum und Urin von 22 Patienten mit unterschiedlich eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion nach einmaliger oraler Gabe untersucht. Die hierbei gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden in einer zweiten Studie bei 12 weiteren Patienten (Kreatinin Clearance 10–25 ml/min) unter steady-state-Bedingungen überprüft. Beide Studien ergaben eine nahezu identische hyperbole Beziehung zwischen der mittleren Serumkonzentration über 24 h und der endogenen Kreatinin-Clearance. Da der Scheitel dieser Hyperbel bei einer Kreatinin-Clearance von ca. 50 ml/min, liegt, ist eine Dosis-Reduktion erst bei weitergehender Einschränkung der Nierenfunktion erforderlich. Entsprechende Nomogramme und Dosisempfehlungen werden angegeben. Selbst bei fortgeschrittener Niereninsuffizienz (Kreatin-Clearance 10–25 ml/min) ist die totale Clearance des Bezafibrats noch mehrfach höher (27 ml/min) als die in der Literatur unter vergleichbaren Bedingungen für Clofibrinsäure bestimmte. Interessanterweise ist nicht nur die renale, sondern auch die extrarenale Clearance von Bezafibrat, die normalerweise ca. die Hälfte der totalen Clearance ausmacht, bei fortgeschrittener Niereninsuffizienz deutlich vermindert. Dies weist darauf hin, daß ein Teil der „extrarenalen“ Eliminationsmechanismen des Bezafibrat, z.B. der Umsatz zu Glucuronsäurekonjugaten auch in der Niere ablaufen dürfte. Insgesamt erlaubt nun die Kenntnis der Pharmakokinetik des Bezafibrat bei Niereninsuffizienz eine rationale Therapieführung bei derartigen Patienten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two-wavelength Feulgen microspectrophotometry was used to determine the DNA content of mitotically-active ganglionic cells of first-and thirdinstar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The measurements revealed that the DNA values differ, on the average, by a factor of approximately two, with the metaphase cells of the first-instar larvae having about four times the haploid amount of the spermatozoon, and the metaphase cells of the third-instar larvae having about eight times the haploid amount. The increase from 4C to 8C in the course of development without any pronounced modification of the heterochromatic—euchromatic ratio is interpreted as evidence of an increase in the number of chromosomal strands. It is suggested, accordingly, that these mitotically-active chromosomes are multistranded or polynemie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Saluretics ; Ple 1053 ; furosemide ; Azosemid ; clinico-pharmacological investigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ple 1053 (Azosemid) is a diuretic which resembles furosemide chemically and in its mode of action. When administered intravenously, Ple 1053 was approximately 5 times more potent on a weight basis than furosemide, its dose-response relationship was closer and the slope was steeper. After oral administration Ple 1053 and furosemide were approximately equal in potency. However, the effect of Azosemid in healthy subjects was relatively prolonged and abrupt peaks did not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1985), S. 637-644 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: isosorbide-dinitrate ; pharmacokinetics ; analytical method ; bioavailability ; drug metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailabilities of a conventional and two slow release 20 mg isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) formulations were compared after oral administration in a three way cross-over study in 8 male volunteers. In a further group of 6 male volunteers the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ISDN were investigated after intravenous infusion of a median dose of 14.1 mg for 2.5 h. A new analytical procedure was developed for the determination of isosorbide-5-mononitrate-2-glucuronide (IS-5-MN-2-Glu) and of isosorbide (IS). Kinetic data analysis on a molar basis was performed by the program package KINPAK providing model independent parameters. The median elimination half-lives of ISDN, IS-5-MN, IS-2-MN and IS-5-MN-2-Glu were 0.7, 5.1, 3.2 and 2.5 h, respectively. The systemic clearance of ISDN was 3.7 l/min and the distribution volume 2521 (3.1 l/kg). Apart from IS-5-MN-2-Glu, with a renal clearance of 5.9 l/min which suggested substantial glucuronidation in the kidney, the renal clearances of ISDN, IS-5-MN, IS-2-MN and the corresponding amounts excreted were negligible. 27.8% of the administered ISDN was excreted as IS-5-MN-2-Glu (8.7%) and IS (19.1%). Calculations based on the two mononitrate metabolites formed from ISDN showed an incomplete recovery of 84.1%, leading to the assumption that a simultaneous denitration to IS must have occurred. The rate of denitration at each nitro group in ISDN was almost twice as high as for the same position in the corresponding mononitrate. The bioavailability of the conventional ISDN formulation was 19%, although complete absorption was indicated by comparison of the percentages of mononitrate metabolites formed after the different routes of administration. On the same basis the absorption of the two sustained release formulations was found to be poor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: isosorbide dinitrate ; 2-isosorbide mononitrate ; 5-isosorbide mononitrate ; digital plethysmography ; hypotension ; bradycardia ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 18 subjects were given isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) 5 mg sublingually and serum concentrations of ISDN, 2-isosorbide mononitrate (2-ISMN) and 5-isosorbide mononitrate (5-ISMN) were measured, as well as changes in digital plethysmographic amplitude, heart rate, ECG, blood pressure and Schellong's test. ISDN was rapidly absorbed and metabolized, having an elimination half-life of 29 min. Its metabolites 2-ISMN and 5-ISMN had longer half-lives of 1.75 and 7.6 h respectively. The amplitude of the α-wave of the digital plethysmograph did not change significantly either in the predrug period or after placebo administration. It increased within 4 min of administration of ISDN, and reached a maximum after 14 min; the effect lasted for about 2 h. ISDN lowers blood pressure and increases heart rate in most volunteers, but in 3 of the 18 subjects severe hypotension occurred, accompanied by severe, reversible bradycardia, which was probably due to vagal reflexes initiated by the markedly diminished ventricular enddiastolic volume (LVEDV) and pressure (LVEDP). No correlation could be demonstrated between the serum concentration of ISDN and/or its vasoactive metabolites and changes in plethysmographic amplitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 38 (1990), S. S108 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carvedilol ; enantiomer pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; first-pass effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The racemic compound carvedilol is a multiple-action oral antihypertensive drug that exhibits both vasodilator and non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking activities. The effects of the levorotatoryS-enantiomer [S( − )-CARV] are vasodilatation and beta-blockade. TheR (+)-enantiomer [R (+)-CARV] is a pure vasodilating agent. Quantitative determination of the enantiomers in human plasma by HPLC was carried out after formation of diastereoisomers with the chiral reagent 2,3,4,6-tetraO-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate (GITC). The pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers were studied following i. v. (12.5 mg in 1 h) and p. o. (50 mg) administration of racemic carvedilol in ten healthy male subjects according to a randomized crossover design. The AUCs ofS (−)-CARV were significantly lower than those ofR (+)-CARV after both i. v. and p. o. administration. The systemic clearance of the two enantiomers was significantly different, whereas half-lives and apparent distribution volumes were comparable. Following p. o. administration, the absolute bioavailability (31.1% and 15.1%, respectively) and maximal plasma concentrations ofR (+ )-CARV were twice those ofS (−)-CARV A similar difference was found in the half-lives. A close correlation existed between enantiomeric ratios after i.v. and after p. o. administration, demonstrating slight intraindividual variability. The preferential systemic clearance of theS ( − )-enantiomer suggests stereoselective hepatic metabolism of carvedilol, becoming especially apparent after p. o. administration. The small intrasubject variability in enantiomer ratios indicates a relatively constant relation of beta-blockade to vasodilation during chronic treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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