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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cruciate ; ligament ; Patellar tendon graft ; Single-incision arthroscopy ; Two-incision arthroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with patellar tendon graft has become a standard procedure. The graft can be inserted either using two tunnels and a lateral femoral incision or with a femoral half-tunnel drilled from the joint, thus avoiding the lateral incision. Advantages have been claimed for the single-incision technique in the early rehabilitation period. Forty patients with ACL deficiency were included in a prospective randomized trial comparing the single- and two-incision technique with a follow-up period of 12 months. Preoperative data did not show any significant difference between the two groups. At early follow-up no differences were observed with respect to complications or the progress of rehabilitation. Evaluation at 12 months postoperatively using the IKDC form revealed good to excellent results in 70% of patients. ACL reconstruction reduced anterior translation of the knee significantly at the 6-month and 12-month follow-up with a slight increase of MMD values at 12 months in both groups. The arthroscopic single-incision technique did not differ from the mini-open technique in terms of postoperative pain medication, incidence of effusion, postoperative range-of-motion or any rehabilitation parameters. Stability was comparable in both groups at all time periods. We conclude that an arthroscopic single-incision technique has no advantage over a mini-open two-incision technique for ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft in terms of subjective or objective parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Arthroscopic ACL replacement • Prospective randomized study • ACL • IKDC ; Schlüsselwörter Arthroskopischer vorderer Kreuzbandersatz • Prospektive Vergleichsstudie • IKDC • VKB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Zuge der minimal-invasiven Chirurgie haben vollständig arthroskopische Verfahren zum Ersatz des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) einen beträchtlichen Zulauf erhalten. Das geringere Weichteiltrauma und eine optimierte Lage des Patellarsehnentransplantats werden als Vorteile gesehen, die langfristig zu einer verbesserten Funktion und Stabilität führen sollen. In einer prospektiv randomisierten Studie wurden 40 Patienten konsekutiv 2 Operationsverfahren zugeteilt. Der Ersatz wurde in endoskopischer, transtibialer Technik oder limitiert offen über eine anteromediale und laterale Inzision durchgeführt. Präoperativ zeigte sich kein Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen hinsichtlich des Anteils chronischer Läsionen, des Ausmaßes der Instabilität sowie der Alters- oder Geschlechtsverteilung. Funktion und Stabilität wurden nach 6 Monaten sowie nach 1 und 4 Jahren evaluiert. Intraoperativ zeigte sich für das endoskopische Verfahren eine deutlich kürzere Operations- und Tourniquetzeit. Im postoperativen Verlauf bestanden keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Komplikationen oder der Rehabilitation. Nach 1 und 4 Jahren zeigte die Auswertung entsprechend den IKDC-Richtlinien gute bis sehr gute Ergebnisse in 70 % der Fälle. Das Ausmaß der anterioren Translation war in beiden Gruppen nach 6 Monaten signifikant reduziert. Nach 1 und 4 Jahren zeigte sich eine geringe Zunahme der Translation. Der Verlust des Aktivitätsniveaus nach der Kreuzbandverletzung konnte von den meisten Patienten im Beobachtungszeitraum nicht vollständig ausgeglichen werden. Zusammenfassend ließen sich bei der endoskopischen Technik und bei der Zweikanaltechnik während des 4jährigen Untersuchungszeitraums keine signifikanten Unterschiede in Bezug auf Rehabilitation, Funktion und Stabilität nachweisen. Wir betrachten daher beide Techniken als gleichwertig.
    Notes: Summary ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft has become a standard procedure. The graft can be inserted either using two tunnels and a lateral femoral incision or with a femoral half tunnel drilled from the joint, thus avoiding the lateral incision. Advantages of the single-incision technique in the early rehabilitation period have been claimed. 40 patients with ACL deficiency were included in a prospective randomized trial comparing single and two-incision technique with a follow-up period of 4 years. Preoperative data did not show any significant difference between the two groups. At follow-up no differences were observed with respect to complications or the progress of rehabilitation. Evaluation after 1 and 4 years according to the IKDC form revealed good to excellent results in 70 % of all patients. The Tegner-score increased significantly, however most patients did not regain their former activity level. ACL-reconstruction reduced anterior translation of the knee significantly at 6 months follow-up. However, we observed a slight increase of anterior translation after 1 and 4 years in both groups; stability was comparable in both groups at all time periods. We conclude that an arthroscopic singleincision technique has no advantage compared to a mini-open two-incision technique for ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft in terms of subjective or objective parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cruciate ligament • Patellar tendon transplant • Biomechanics ; Schlüsselwörter Vorderes Kreuzband • Patellarsehnentransplantat • Biomechanik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der endoskopische Ersatz des vorderen Kreuzbands (VKB) mit einem Patellarsehnentransplantat in einem femoralen Halbtunnel kann dazu führen, daß der tibiale Block außerhalb des Kanals zu liegen kommt. Ist in diesen Fällen eine Fixation mit Interferenzschrauben nicht möglich, kann die Verankerung des Blockes mit Staples in einer knöchernen Grube distal des Tunnels alternativ durchgeführt werden. In dieser Studie evaluierten wir die biomechanischen Parameter der Interferenzschrauben- und Stapletechnik. Patellarsehnentransplantate wurden in typischer Technik bei 55 frischen humanen Kniegelenken entnommen und auf eine Länge von 25 mm mit einem Durchmesser von 9 mm präpariert. Der tibiale Kanal wurde von anteromedial mit einem 10-mm-Bohrer zum Ansatz des VKB angelegt; 40 Präparate wurden für die Fixation mit 3 verschieden großen Interferenzschrauben (7 × 30, 9 × 20 und 9 × 30 mm) als Referenzverfahren und 15 weitere Präparate für die Fixation mit Staples verwendet. Hierzu wurde eine knöcherne Grube unterhalb des tibialen Tunnels angelegt, in der das Transplantat mit 2 Staples befestigt wurde. Die Krafteinleitung erfolgte axial zum tibialen Tunnel mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 1 mm/s auf einer Zwick-Materialprüfmaschine. Die Dislokation des Transplantats und die daraus abgeleitete Steifigkeit wurden bei 175 N Last angegeben. Bei der Fixation mit Interferenzschrauben fanden wir eine Variation der maximalen Zuglast in Abhängigkeit von der Schraubengröße zwischen 506 und 758 N. Staples wiesen eine maximale Zuglast von 588 N auf. Die Dislokation gemessen bei 175 N Last variierte bei der Schraubenfixation zwischen 3,6 und 4,7 mm und betrug bei der Fixation mit Staples 4,2 mm. Bei allen Fixationsmethoden waren die maximalen Zuglasten bis zum Transplantatversagen ausreichend, um den Lastspitzen während der Rehabilitationsphase zu widerstehen. Die in der Fixierung mit Staples erreichten Werte waren mit der Ausreißkraft der Interferenzschrauben zu vergleichen. Eine Verankerung mit Staples kann daher als eine sichere alternative Methode für die Transplantatfixierung angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary The endoscopic single incision technique for ACL reconstruction with a femoral half-tunnel may lead to a graft/tunnel mismatch and subsequent protrusion of the block from the tibial tunnel. The typical tibial fixation with an interference screw is not possible in these cases. Fixation with staples in a bony groove inferior to the tunnel outlet can be used as an alternative technique. Current literature does not provide biomechanical data of both fixation techniques in a human model. This study was performed to evaluate primary biomechanical parameters of this technique compared to a standard interference screw fixation of the block. 55 fresh-frozen human cadaver knee joints of a younger age (mean age: 44 years) were used. Grafts were harvested from the patellar tendon midportion with bone blocks of 25 mm length and 9 mm width. A 10 mm tibial tunnel was drilled from the anteromedial cortex to the center of the tibial insertion of the ACL. 3 different sizes of interference screws (7 × 30, 9 × 20 and 9 × 30 mm) were chosen as a standard control procedure (n = 40). For tibial bone-block fixation the graft was placed through the tunnel, the screw was then inserted on the cancellous or the cortical surface respectively. 15 knees were used for staple fixation. A groove was created inferior to the tunnel outlet with a chisel. The bone block was fixed in this groove with 2 barbed stainless steel staples. Tensile testing in both of the groups was carried out under axial load parallel to the tibial tunnel in a Zwick-testing-machine with a velocity of 1 mm/sec. Dislocation of the graft and stiffness were calculated at 175 N load. Maximum load to failure using interference screws varied between 506 and 758 N. Load to failure using staples was 588 N. Dislocation of the graft ranged between 3.6 and 4.7 mm for interference screw fixation and was 4.2 mm for staples. With both fixation techniques, the recorded failure loads were sufficient to withstand the graft loads which are to be expected during the rehabilitation period. Staple fixation of the bone block outside of the tunnel resulted in fixation strength comparable to interference screw fixation.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Gentherapie ; Knochen ; Fraktur ; Wachstumsfaktoren. ; Keywords: Gene therapy ; Bone ; Fracture ; Growth factors.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Gene therapy in orthopedic surgery is a new technic based on the idea of biological tissue healing. External gene segments are transferred to cells that overexpress growth factors locally to achieve this effect. The influence of growth factors on fracture healing is very well documented in the literature. Experimental data demonstrate that defect healing in bone can be accelerated by the application of different cytokines in vivo. Gene transfer is a promising, new technic of in situ tissue engineering that will enter clinics within the next decade.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Gentherapie in der Orthopädischen Chirurgie ist eine neue Technik, die auf der Idee basiert, die biologische Gewebeheilung zu unterstützen. Um dies zu erreichen, werden externe Gensegmente auf Zellen transferiert, die in Folge vermehrt Wachstumsfaktoren im Bereich der Fraktur produzieren. Die Wirkung von Wachstumsfaktoren auf die Frakturheilung ist gut dokumentiert. Die bislang durchgeführten tierexperimentellen Studien demonstrieren eine gute Beeinflussbarkeit der knöchernen Defektheilung. Der Gentransfer kann als eine neue erfolgversprechende Technik des in situ Tissue Engineering angesehen werden, mit deren klinischer Anwendung in der nächsten Dekade gerechnet werden darf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-044X
    Keywords: Key words Tibial plateau fractures • ORIF • Tibia fractures • Osteosynthesis ; Schlüsselwörter Tibiakopffrakturen • Tibiafrakturen • Osteosynthese • Zugänge • Ergebnisse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vorgestellt werden 2 spezifische posteriore Zugänge zur Versorgung von Frakturen der hinteren Anteile des Tibiakopfes. Der posteromediale Zugang wird vor allem zur Versorgung von medialen Luxationsfrakturen benutzt. Durch posteromediale Hautinzision und Längsspaltung der Kapsel-Band-Strukturen zwischen Innenband und hinterem Schrägband wird die Fragmentspitze extraartikulär dargestellt, reponiert und von posterior her fixiert. Der posterolaterale transfibulare Zugang wird für posterolaterale Depressionen des Tibiaplateaus verwendet. Durch Osteotomie des Fibulahalses oder Lösung einer bestehenden Fibulafraktur und Mobilisierung des proximalen Tibiofibulargelenks wird das posterolaterale Tibiaplateau dargestellt. Die Fibula wird nach der Osteosynthese mit Zuggurtung oder Zugschraube refixiert. 168 Tibiakopffrakturen wurden von 1988–1994 operiert. In 26 Fällen wurden hintere Zugänge zur Osteosynthese verwendet (9 posteromediale, 12 posterolaterale, 2 kombinierte posteriore plus anteriore, 3 kombinierte posteriore Zugänge). Perioperative Komplikationen waren in keinem dieser Fälle zu verzeichnen. Die Nachuntersuchung erfolgte im Mittel nach 4 Jahren (9 Monate bis 8,5 Jahre). In 21 Fällen war der Verlauf unauffällig, im Rasmussen-Score wiesen klinisch 12 Patienten ein exzellentes, 8 Patienten ein gutes und 1 Patient ein mäßiges Ergebnis auf. Radiologisch wurden 7 Fälle als exzellent, 13 Fälle als gut und 1 Fall als mäßig bewertet. Bei 4 Patienten mit ausgedehnten posterolateralen Depressionen kam es nach Vollbelastung trotz Spongiosaplastik zu einem Absinken der gehobenen Areale mit progressiver Valgusfehlstellung. In 2 Fällen konnte hier durch eine Korrekturosteotomie ein gutes Ergebnis erzielt werden. Bei 2 älteren Patienten erfolgte die Implantation einer Knieprothese. In 1 Fall trat eine Rekurvationsfehlstellung nach bikondylärer Fraktur auf, die ebenfalls durch Korrekturosteotomie erfolgreich therapiert wurde.
    Notes: Summary Tibial plateau fractures with depression of posterior aspects of the proximal tibia cause significant therapeutic problems. Posterior fractures on the medial side are mainly highly instable fracture-dislocations (Moore type I). Posterolateral fractures usually cause massive depression and destruction of the chondral surface. Surgical exposure of these fractures from anterior requires major soft tissue dissection and has a significant complication rate. However, incomplete restoration of the joint surface results in chronic postero-inferior joint subluxation, osteoarthritis and pain. We present new specific approaches for posterior fracture types avoiding large skin incisions, but allowing for atraumatic exposure, reduction and fixation. Posteromedial fracture-dislocations are exposed by a direct posteromedial skin incision and a deep incision between medial collateral ligament and posterior oblique ligament. The posteromedial pillar and the posterior flare of the proximal tibia are visualized. The inferior extent of the joint fragment can be reduced by indirect techniques or direct manipulation of the fragment. Fixation is acheived with subchondral lag screws and an anti-glide plate at the tip of the fragment. Posterolateral fractures are exposed by a transfibular approach: the skin is incised laterally, the peroneal nerve is dissected free. The fibula neck is osteotomized, the tibiofibular syndesmosis is divided and the fibula neck is reflected upwards in one layer with the meniscotibial ligament and the iliotibial tract attachment. Reflexion of the fibula head relaxes the lateral collateral ligament, allows for lateral joint opening and internal rotation of the tibia and thus exposes the posterolateral and posterior aspect of the tibial plateau. Fixation and buttressing on the posterolateral side can be acheived easily with this approach. In closure, the fibula head is fixed back with a lag screw or a tension-band system. These two exposures can be combined in bicondylar posterior fracture situations. 168 cases with tibial plateau fractures had ORIF in the authors' institution from 1988 to 1994. 26 of these patients had a total of 29 posterior exposures to treat their fractures (9 posteromedial, 12 posterolateral, 3 combined posteromedial/posterolateral and 2 posterior/anterior exposures). No specific complications occurred related to these exposures, i. e. no skin slough, no infection, no nerve palsy. The mean duration of follow-up was 4 years. Twenty-one cases healed uneventfully: 12 were excellent in Rasmussen's clinical score, 8 were good and 1 was fair. Seven patients were excellent in the radiological score, 13 good and 1 fair. Five of the 26 cases had revision surgery: 3 patients developed valgus or retrocurvatum deformity and were successfully treated by an osteotomy. They obtained a good result at follow-up. Two fractures in elderly patients were revised to an endoprosthesis.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cruciate ; ligament reconstruction ; Patellar ; tendon graft ; Interference screw ; Staple fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The endoscopic single incision technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a femoral half-tunnel may lead to a graft/tunnel mismatch and subsequent protrusion of the block from the tibial tunnel. The typical tibial fixation with an interference screw is not possible in these cases. Fixation with staples in a bony groove inferior to the tunnel outlet can be used as an alternative technique. Current literature does not provide biomechanical data of either fixation technique in a human model. This study was performed to evaluate the primary biomechanical parameters of this technique compared with a standard interference screw fixation of the block. Fifty-five fresh-frozen relatively young (mean age 44 years) human cadaver knee joints were used. Grafts were harvested from the patellar tendon midportion with bone blocks of 25 mm length and 9 mm width. A 10-mm tibial tunnel was drilled from the anteromedial cortex to the center of the tibial insertion of the ACL. Three different sizes of interference screws (7 × 30, 9 × 20, 9 × 30 mm) were chosen as a standard control procedure (n = 40). For tibial bone-block fixation the graft was placed through the tunnel, and the screw was then inserted on the cancellous or the cortical surface, respectively. Fifteen knees were treated by staple fixation. A groove was created inferior to the tunnel outlet with a chisel. The bone block was fixed in this groove with two barbed stainless steel staples. Tensile testing in both groups was carried out under an axial load parallel to the tibial tunnel in a Zwick testing machine with a velocity of 1 mm/s. Dislocation of the graft and stiffness were calculated at 175 N load. Maximum load to failure using interference screws varied between 506 and 758 N. Load to failure using staples was 588 N. Dislocation of the graft ranged between 3.8 and 4.7 mm for interference screw fixation and was 4.7 mm for staples. Stiffness calculated at 175 N load was significantly higher in staple fixation. With either fixation technique, the recorded failure loads were sufficient to withstand the graft loads which are to be expected during the rehabilitation period. Staple fixation of the bone block outside of the tunnel resulted in a fixation strength comparable to interference screw fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 8 (2000), S. 68-72 
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Knee joint ; Free nerve ending type IVa ; Nociceptor ; Medial capsuloligamentous complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Free nerve endings (FNEs) of type IVa play a distinctive role in the articular nociceptive and sensorimotor system of the knee. This study qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed FNEs in the medial and posteromedial capsuloligamentous complexes. Biopsy specimens from ten precisely defined anatomical locations were taken from seven fresh cadaver knee joints. The specimens were fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The results were examined using immunohistochemistry. The occurrence of FNEs is described in combination with their specific pattern of distribution. A high number of FNEs were found in all investigated elements with a maximum relative density in the insertion of the semimembranosus muscle in the direct attachment on the tibial margin. The number was lowest in the superficial medial collateral ligament. The results were correlated with anatomical and biomechanical functions of the stabilizing effect of the medial capsuloligamentous complex. Our findings indicate that lesions and surgical procedures can alter normal sensory feedback and coordination by modifying the use of muscle fiber during specific movements.
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