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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 92-100 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Ketamin – TIVA – endokrine Streßreaktion – Aufwachverhalten – Kreislaufreaktion ; Key words: Ketamine – Total intravenous anaesthesia – Endocrine stress response – Recovery – Haemodynamic reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Clinically-used ketamine is a racemic mixture of two isomers, S-(+)- and R-(−)-ketamine. Previous investigations showed the anaesthetic potency of S-(+)-ketamine to be three times higher than that of R-(−)-ketamine. It was the aim of this study to compare the effects of S-(+)-ketamine and racemic ketamine on endocrine and cardiovascular parameters, recovery, and side effects in geriatric patients during total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) for orthopaedic surgery. Methods. Forty patients over 60 years of age scheduled for elective hip or knee replacement were investigated in a double-blind, randomised design. For induction of TIVA, patients received 0.1 mg midazolam, 0.5 mg atropine, 1 mg/kg S(+)-ketamine or 2 mg/kg racemic ketamine, respectively, 2 mg vecuronium, and 1.5 mg/kg suxamethonium. After intubation and relaxation with a total dose of 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium, a continuous infusion of 2 mg/kg per hour S-(+)- or 4 mg/kg per hour racemic ketamine was administered throughout surgery. Blood samples were taken through a central venous catheter at seven time-points, before induction as well during and after surgery, until the 1st postoperative morning for analysis of adrenaline, noradrenaline (by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection), anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (by radioimmunoassay), glucose, and lactate. In addition, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), and arterial oxygen saturation were measured, and the time intervals between the end of ketamine infusion and the return of consciousness and orientation were protocolled. The incidence and assessment of dreams and other side effects were reported by the patients. Results. Biometric data of the groups were comparable, the mean age of both groups being 68 years. Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, ADH, ACTH, cortisol, and glucose as well as SAP and HR increased significantly (P〈0.05) during the course of anaesthesia. The influence on lactate levels was not significant. There were no differences between S-(+)- and racemic ketamine with respect to these parameters. Three patients in the ketamine-racemate group showed severe arterial hypertension and were withdrawn from the study. Recovery clearly improved after administration of S-(+)-ketamine compared to the racemate. Simple orders were followed after 2.0±3.4 versus 4.9±6.8 min (P=0.07), orientation with respect to person returned after 5.7±4.0 versus 14.6±10.0 min (P〈0.001) and spatial orientation after 8.2±5.4 versus 17.4±9.7 min (P〈0.001). After racemic ketamine, 1 patient remembered a negative dream and 1 patient a positive dream. In the S-(+)-group, 1 positive dream was reported. No intraoperative awareness was reported, and all patients would accept the same anaesthesia again. Conclusions. Increases in cardiovascular parameters and insufficient reduction of the stress response with respect to ADH, ACTH, and cortisol seem to require a more potent hypnotic element during TIVA with ketamine. With regard to endocrine and cardiovascular parameters, the pharmacodynamic effects of racemic and S-(+)-ketamine were comparable. Because of the significant improvement in recovery and the reduced quantitative drug load, S-(+)-ketamine offers a clinical advantage compared with currently used racemic ketamine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Zum doppelblind-randomisierten Vergleich der endokrinen Streßreaktion sowie des Kreislauf- und Aufwachverhaltens bei Verwendung von S-(+)-Ketamin und Ketamin-Razemat erhielten 2×20 Patienten über 60 Jahren bei Hüft- und Kniegelenkersatz eine totale intravenöse Anästhesie (TIVA) mit Ketamin, Midazolam und Vecuronium. Die Messungen erfolgten an 7 Zeitpunkten vor Einleitung der Narkose und bis zum ersten postoperativen Tag. Die Kollektive waren statistisch einheitlich (mittleres Alter jeweils 68 Jahre). Die endokrinen Streßparameter Adrenalin, Noradrenalin, ADH, ACTH und Cortisol sowie Glukose und Laktat waren in beiden Gruppen vergleichbar; alle Streßhormone und die Glukose stiegen intraoperativ signifikant an (p〈0,05). Der systolische Blutdruck, die Herzfrequenz und die arterielle Sauerstoffsättigung waren weitgehend vergleichbar. Im Aufwachverhalten war S-(+)-Ketamin dem Razemat eindeutig überlegen (Gruppenmittelwerte): Befolgen einfacher Befehle (Augen öffnen, Kopf heben) nach 2,0±3,4 statt 4,9±6,8 min (p=0,07), Orientierung zur Person nach 5,7±4,0 statt 14,6±10,0 min (p〈0,001), räumliche Orientierung nach 8,2±5,4 statt 17,4±9,7 min (p〈0,001). Intraoperative Wachheitserlebnisse traten nicht auf. Die deutlich ausgeprägte Kreislaufreaktion und die nur unzureichend abgeschwächte Reaktion von ADH, ACTH und Cortisol legen trotz der vollständigen Amnesie und der hervorragenden Akzeptanz die Verwendung einer potenteren hypnotischen Komponente zur TIVA mit Ketamin nahe. Im Aufwachverhalten ist S-(+)-Ketamin dem Razemat auch unter klinischen Bedingungen und bei älteren Patienten eindeutig überlegen und verbessert bei halbierter Substanzbelastung die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Ketamin zur TIVA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 60 (1968), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Thylakoidmembranen von Rhodopseudomonas spheroides erscheinen nach Negativkontrastierung in Profilstellung etwa 40 Å dick. Die aus der Schattenlänge ermittelte Dicke von angetrockneten unfixierten Thylakoiden betrug 81±1 Å, woraus sich ebenfalls eine Dicke der Thylakoidmembran von 40 Å ergibt. Die Proteinschicht besitzt anscheinend eine locker gebaute Mittelzone, in die sich Kontrastierungsmittel einlagern kann. Da diese Strukturen sich bei Behandlung mit Chloroform nicht merklich verändern und da Thylakoide 53% Proteine enthalten, besteht die fragliche Schicht ganz oder vorwiegend aus Proteinen. Die Proteinschicht besteht, wie die Elektrophorese in Polyacrylamidgel zeigt, aus verschiedenen Proteinen. Die Bestimmung der Gestalt und Größe der Proteinmoleküle in Lösung stößt wegen ihrer Neigung zu Aggregation auf Schwierigkeiten. Die Proteinmoleküle sollten wegen der gleichmäßigen Dicke der Proteinschicht wenigstens in einer Dimension eine Größe von 40 Å haben. Die Lipide lassen sich in den Thylakoiden nur abbilden, wenn gewisse Präparations-und Aufnahmebedingungen eingehalten werden. In negativ-kontrastierten Präparaten treten sie nach Fixierung mit Osmiumtetroxid- oder Glutardialdehydlösung gelegentlich in Form von Myelinfiguren in Erscheinung. Aufnahmen von gefriergetrockneten Thylakoiden zeigen nach Behandlung mit Osmiumtetroxiddämpfen eine schwächer kontrastierte Außenschicht und eine stärker kontrastierte Zone im Inneren. Da die Lipide etwa doppelt so viel Kontrastierungsmittel binden wie die Proteine, enthält die stärker kontrastierte Zone die Lipide. Die Dicke von angetrockneten Thylakoiden, die aus fixierten Zellen isoliert worden waren, betrug 158±2 Å. Aus diesen Befunden läßt sich ableiten, daß die Thylakoidmembran aus einer etwa 40 Å dicken monomolekularen Proteinschicht und einer etwa gleich dicken Lipidschicht besteht, die im Innern des Thylakoids lokalisiert ist. Nur in seltenen Fällen gelang es, diese Anordnung von Proteinen und Lipiden in Thylakoiden abzubilden, die fixiert, negativkontrastiert und zusätzlich schräg bedampft worden waren. Zur Erklärung der Labilität der Lipide in der wasserfreien Thylakoidmembran wird angenommen, daß an der Stabilisierung des Lipoproteinsystems hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen zwischen den hydrophoben Teilen der Lipidmoleküle und den apolaren Aminosäureresten der Proteine beteiligt sind.
    Notes: Summary After negative staining, the thylakoid membranes of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides appear to be approximately 40 Å thick. The medium thickness of dired, unfixed thylakoids in obliquely shadow cast specimens is 81±1 Å which was calculated from the length of the shadow. This also indicates a thickness of 40 Å for the thylakoid membrane. Since there is no structural alteration following treatment with chloroform and since thylakoids contain 53% protein, it is concluded that the layer seen in unfixed and negatively stained preparations principally consists of protein. It would appear that the protein layer has a middle zone of less dense material in which the staining substances can be incorporated. Electrophoretic studies in polyacrylamide gel indicates that the protein layer consists of different proteins. Because the protein molecules tend to aggregate, it is difficult to determine their shape and size. At least one dimension of these protein molecules cannot exceed 40 Å, since the protein membrane has a uniform thickness. In thylakoids, lipids can only be seen when certain preparation and electron microscopic conditions are observed. In negatively stained specimens, the lipids sometimes appear as myelin figures after fixation with osmium tetroxide solution or glutaraldehyde. Lyophilized thylakoids, fixed with osmium tetroxide vapor, show an outer layer of less contrast and a stronger contrasted middle zone. The latter one contains the lipids since the lipids bind approximately twice as much staining material as proteins. When thylakoids were isolated from prefixed cells and shadowed, a thickness of 158±2 Å was determined. It is concluded, therefore, that the thylakoid membrane of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides consists of a monomolecular protein layer of about 40 Å and a lipid layer of approximately the same thickness which is located inside the thylakoid. Only when thylakoids were fixed, negatively stained and — in addition — obliquely shadow cast, the proposed arrangement of proteins and lipids could occasionally be seen simultaneously. It would appear that hydrophobic interactions between hydrophobic parts of the lipid molecule and the apolar amino acid residues of the proteins are important to stabilize the lipoprotein system of the thylakoid. This could account for the extreme lability of the lipids in water-free preparations and the difficulty to locate them properly within the thylakoid membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 10 (2000), S. 265-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Complex regional pain syndrome ; Shoulder ; Scoliosis ; Muscle dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this case report, the progression of the disease in a 14-years-old girl is described. Based on a minor cervical hyperextension and -flexion traumatization experienced during a basketball game she developed the symptoms of a non-reducible anterior shoulder instability and a subsequent thoracic scoliosis. Other symptoms resembled the clinical picture of a complex regional pain syndrome. Conservative and stabilizing surgical interventions to the shoulder turned out to be obsolete. Hence, at the end of a series of various treatment procedures, arthrodetic surgery had to be performed to leave the young patient painfree, yet with a functional impairment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 7 (1997), S. 271-275 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Arthroscopic lateral release ; Patellar compression syndrome ; Section arthroscopique de l'aileron rotulien ; Syndrome fémoro-patellaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans cet article nous présentons la technique, les résultats ainsi que les complications et les indications de la section de l'aileron rotulien externe et la capsulorhaphie interne, à partir des résultats obtenus par l'examen de 7o malades souffrant les uns d'une légère latéralisation rotulienne externe et d'une hyperpression fémoro-patellaire externe (42 malades), les autres d'une luxation recidivante de la rotule (28 malades). La moyenne d'âge était de 26.2 ans (entre 9 et 54 ans). Au moment de l'examen de contrôle (m=64 mois) les malades ont été soumis à un examen clinique et radiologique. Les résultats ont été évalués conformément au score de Crosby et de Insall. 77 % des patients traités par relâchement latéral externe étaient satisfaits du résultat de l'opération (score analogue visuel) et 68 % des patients traités par capsulorhaphie. Par contre seulement 45 % des malades souffrant d'une ar-throse fémoro-patellaire traités par relâchement latéral externe parlaient d'une nette amélioration. Le score dit de Crosby et Insall donnait des résultats très significatifs mais ne montrait aucune différence parmi les résultats obtenus dans ces trois groupes. 13 % des malades souffraient d'un glissement de la rotule anormal en mobilisation active. Le test de glissement passif de la rotule montrait une hyper-mobilité de la rotule vers le côté latéral dans 37 % des cas et vers le côté médial dans 8o % des cas. Les radiographies des deux genoux montraient un angle de sulcus accru de 143 %. Cependant, aucune progression de l'arthrose n'a pu être relevée dans les articulations fémoro-patellaires opérées. Une hémarthrose post-opératoire précoce, nécessitant une révision, a été constatée dans un grand nombre de cas. Intérêt clinique: Vu les résultats sur les malades ayant souffert d'un syndrome d'hyperpression rotulienne sans arthrose patello-fémorale et les malades souffrant d'une luxation ou subluxation récidivante de la rotule, ces patients sont de bons candidats pour une section endoscopique de l'aileron rotulien externe et éventuellement pour capsulorhaphie interne. Dans une population relativement jeune la section endoscopique de l'aileron externe est une technique chirur-gicale relativement simple qui peut néanmoins être suivie par une technique “ouverte” en cas de défaillance de la première procédure.
    Notes: Summary Based on the results of 70 patients with mild lateral tracking and lateral compression of the patella, intact (22 patients) or defective (20 patients) cartilage of the patellofemoral joint, and recurrent patellofemoral dislocation (28 patients) we present the technique, results, complications and indications for the lateral retinacular release and medial imbrication of the vastus medialis obliquus. The average age of the patients was 26.2 years (range 9–54). At time of follow-up (m = 64 months) the patients were examined clinically as well as radiologically. The results were evaluated according to a Crosby and Insall score. 77% of the patients with mild lateral tracking and lateral compression (lateral release) were satisfied with the operative result (visual analog scale), as well as 68% of the patients with recurrent patellofemoral dislocation (lateral release and medial imbrication). Only 45% of the patients with patellofemoral arthritis (lateral release) reported an improvement in their condition after this procedure. The Crosby and Insall score showed significant improvement but did not show any difference between the 3 groups. 13% of the patients showed an abnormal lateral tracking of the patella in active motion. The passive patellar glide test showed patellar hypermobility to the lateral side in 37% of the cases and to the medial side in 80%. X-rays of both knees showed a sulcus angle of 143°. No progression in osteoarthritis in the operated patellofemoral joint was found. Hemarthrosis complicated a high number of cases in the early postoperative period, and in 3 cases an open revision was necessary. Clinical relevance: According to our results patients with patellar compression syndrome without patellofemoral arthrosis and patients with recurrent dislocation or subluxation of the patella are good candidates for endoscopic lateral release and medial imbrication of the medial vastus obliquus. In a young population endoscopic lateral release is a relatively simple surgical procedure making an open technique in failed cases possible later on.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 8 (1998), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Osteochondral graft
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Major cartilaginous defects of the femoral condyles of the knee joint, caused by chondropathy and chondral trauma can be a precursor to osteoarthritis. Particularly in cases with large defects the therapy often remains unsuccessful. Even the substitution of articular hyaline cartilage by autogenous osteochondral grafts, regarded as superior to other procedures like Pridies's drilling and abrasion arthroplasty, carries the risk of failure by necrosis of the craft and morbidity at the donor side. We present a 10-year follow-up case who had a large autogenous osteochondral graft from the non-weight bearing periphery of the patellofemoral joint that was implanted after necrosis of the medial femoral condyle following immunsuppressive chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 8 (1998), S. 61-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: ACL rupture ; Arthrotomy ; Meniscectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A group of 94 male and 12 female patients who all suffered from ACL ruptures had a follow-up examination after a period of 14 to 21 years (m = 17.2 years). Each of them had undergone a primary arthrotomy with total or partial meniscectomy. In none of the cases, however, had operative repair of the ACL rupture been performed. The most frequent concomitant injury was a torn medial meniscus which occurred in 74.5% of the cases whereas a damaged lateral meniscus was found in 17.0% of the cases only. Chondromalacia of tibia, femur or patella was observed in 42.5% of the cases. Over 60% of the patients resumed their former sports activities, although in nearly 30% of these cases at a lower level whereas one third of the patients had to practice some other sport or were even forced to give up sports completely. 61.3% still complained about instability of the knee joint, 73.6% of the patients with partial or total meniscectomy had developed osteoarthritis of grade III and IV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 13 (1962), S. 27-44 
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 413 (2001), S. 833-836 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Axial volcano, which is located near the intersection of the Juan de Fuca ridge and the Cobb–Eickelberg seamount chain beneath the northeast Pacific Ocean, is a locus of volcanic activity thought to be associated with the Cobb hotspot. The volcano rises 700 metres above the ridge, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 119 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Results of a 2-D, seismic undershooting experiment on the Katla central volcano in south Iceland are reported. Large localized traveltime anomalies (0.4s) are observed on an array within the Katla caldera. the traveltimes are forward modelled using a wavefront tracker developed in Appendix A. Thus, non-linear effects encountered in traveltime tomography are avoided as well as common problems with ray tracing in the presence of strong lateral heterogeneity. an extreme variation in compressional velocity is required to extend over a significant volume in order to model the data. the resulting model is not unique, but constraints on the allowable range of velocities (2.5-6.0 kms−1) render the basic features well constrained. A clear S-wave shadow is closely associated with delays in traveltime due to a shallow slow anomaly. Low-amplitude P waves go hand in hand with early arrivals due to thin structural features flanking the slow anomaly. the model is interpreted in terms of a magma chamber containing extensively molten rock. the magma chamber is shallow, with a bottom at a depth of about 1.5km below sea-level (3.0 km below surface), and measures about 5 km across. the depth of the chamber is roughly at the level of buoyant equilibrium for basaltic melt in the crust. Owing to poor vertical resolution at shallow depths in the undershooting geometry the top of this shallow magma chamber is not well resolved. On the other hand, the bottom of the chamber is well resolved. the chamber is underlain by rocks of average or high velocity for that depth. the magma chamber is a persistent feature, big enough (10km3) to supply magma for large eruptions and to supply heat to permit remelting of hydrated basaltic crust to produce silicic magmas at shallow levels. the chamber is fed by magma fracturing from below. the model agrees with phenomenological models of magma chambers in Iceland based on geological observations and provides a quantification of those models in terms of depth and size. On the other hand, it is fundamentally different from recent models of magma chambers at mid-ocean ridges which may be more akin to the pervasive region of partial melt at depth beneath Iceland. This underlines the important effect of the Icelandic hotspot on tectonics and volcanism in Iceland and implies a substantially different crustal and thermal structure in Iceland from that of ‘normal’ mid-ocean ridges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 49 (1975), S. 372-375 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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