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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-equilibrium effects on quasi-one-dimensional weak and strong localizations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Electronics 32 (1989), S. 1793-1799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-1101
    Keywords: electron wave ; electron-electron scattering ; electron-phonon scattering ; energy relaxation ; phase breaking ; phase coherence length ; quantum interference ; quantum wire ; strong localization ; weak localization
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0038-1101(89)90314-6
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Medium compositions and culture conditions for the assay of fosfomycin susceptibility by Etest (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of infection and chemotherapy 6 (2000), S. 30-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Keywords: Key words Etest ; Fosfomycin ; Escherichia coli ; Susceptibility test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden), a susceptibility testing method, was used for fosfomycin and was evaluated by comparison with the agar dilution method for 73 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, including two resistant strains, and an optimal Etest method for fosfomycin was determined. Media and culture conditions greatly affected the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined by the Etest for fosfomycin, as shown for the agar dilution methods. Our results showed that the most favorable conditions for the Etest for fosfomycin were with Mueller-Hinton agar (Becton-Dickinson Japan, Tokyo, Japan) under aerobic conditions. However, the MICs for the resistant strains were much higher than those determined by agar dilution methods, using Nutrient agar (Becton-Dickinson Japan) under anaerobic conditions. The addition of glucose-6-phosphate did not significantly affect the Etest results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101560050046
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of the NS 2 nonstructural protein messenger RNA of influenza A viruses occurs in the absence of viral protein synthesis (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 120 (1991), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The NS 2 messenger RNA (mRNA) of several influenza A viruses was shown to be synthesized in primary transcription. Analysis of in vitro translation products of mRNAs from infected MDCK cells treated with cycloheximide indicated that the NS 2 mRNA in addition to the NS 1 mRNA was synthesized with PR/8, Udorn, and Aichi viruses. The findings indicated that the NS 1 mRNA of these viruses was able to be spliced into the NS 2 mRNA as a primary transcript without viral protein synthesis, although the extent of splicing varied among different virus strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310483
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological characteristics of a cold-adapted influenza A virus mutation residing on a polymerase gene (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 88 (1986), S. 91-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The biological function of a cold-adapted (ca) mutation residing on the PB2 gene of an influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (A/AA/6/60) ca variant virus in the viral replication cycle at 25° C was studied. The viral polypeptide synthesis of A/AA/6/60 ca variant at 25° C was evident approximately 6 hours earlier than the wild type (wt) virus and yielded twice as many products. The quantitative analysis of viral complementary RNA (cRNA), synthesized in the presence of cycloheximide, revealed that A/AA/6/60 ca variant and a single gene reassortant that contains only the PB2 gene of the ca variant with remaining genes of the wt virus produced equal amount of cRNA at 25° and 33° C, which was an amount approximately four fold greater than the wt virus' cRNA synthesized at 25° C. These results strongly suggest that the ca mutation residing on the PB2 gene of A/AA/6/60 ca variant affects the messenger RNA synthesis at 25° C in the primary transcription.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310893
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold-adapted reassortants of influenza A virus: Pathogenicity of A/Ann Arbor/6/60×A/Alaska/6/77 reassortant virusesIn vivo andIn vitro (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 91 (1986), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cold-adapted reassortants of A/Ann Arbor/6/60×A/Alaska/6/77 viruses made in MDCK cells have recently been assessed genotypically and for temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotypes. These reassortants were used to infect ferrets and hamsters and to inoculate organ cultures of hamster tracheal rings, in order to assess their degree of virulence. Virulence in the three model systems corresponded quite well, and a correlation between loss of virulence and particular A/AA/6/60 genes present in the reassortants was noted. Two different reassortants containing either RNA 2 or RNA 5 (NA gene) alone from A/AA/6/60 showed little attenuation from the wild-type parent. A reassortant containing both RNA2 and the NA gene from A/AA/6/60 and all remaining wild-type genes showed some small decrease in virulence compared to the wild-type virus. However a reassortant containing these two A/AA/6/60 genes and RNA 3 as an additional gene from this parent, had a level of attenuation comparable to that of the cold-adapted virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01316727
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological functions of the NS1 protein of an influenza B virus mutant which has a long carboxyl terminal deletion (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 102 (1988), S. 173-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To clarify the function of the NS gene of a highly cytolytic mutant of influenza virus B/Yamagata/1/73 which expresses an NS1 protein with a long carboxyl terminal deletion (clone 201), we prepared a single gene reassortant (201 L-77) and a control reassortant (YL-20) in which all the genes were of wild type influenza virus B/Lee/40 origin except NS gene which was derived from either clone 201 or wild type B/Yamagata. Comparative studies have revealed that 201 L-77 destructed infected cells more severely and much earlier after infection than did YL-20, although both produced comparable amount of infectious virus. The highly cytolytic reassortant 201 L-77 produced a small plaque, while the weakly cytolytic reassortant YL-20 produced a large plaque in MDCK cells. There was little difference between the two reassortants in the time course and the amount of synthesis of viral proteins within the infected cells. However, the mode of synthesis of viral RNA (vRNA) by 201 L-77 was greatly altered compared with YL-20.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310823
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistence of viral genes in a variant of MDBK cell after productive replication of a mutant of influenza virus A/WSN (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 128 (1993), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The MDBK-R cell line is a variant of the MDBK cell line, which was derived by three consecutive high multiplicity superinfections of MDBK cells with AWBY-140 virus, a mutant of influenza virus A/WSN (H 1N 1). MDBK-R cells are permissive for productive replication of AWBY-140, but resist lysis by the virus and grew normally without producing infectious virus after replication of the mutant occurred there. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we demonstrated nucleotide sequences specific to all the 8 genes of AWBY-140 in MDBK-R cells which had been infected with the mutant at a high multiplicity and subsequently received 25 passages. This suggests that the genes of influenza virus mutant persisted in the dividing host cells for a long time after productive infection, when none of the cells was producing virus. We were also able to amplify the M gene related sequence of the mutant from both poly(A)+ and poly(A)− fractions of the RNA extracted from the cells at 27th passage level by PCR, which suggests that the persisting genes were replicated and transcribed, but we failed to demonstrate any viral protein in the cells by Western blotting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309791
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of a novel type of interfering influenza B virus defective in the function of M gene (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 90 (1986), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A novel type of interfering influenza B virus which is defective in the function of M gene has been reported. Clone 301, a B type virus clone obtained by successive back-crosses of A/Aichi/2/68 (H 3 N 2) with B/Yamagata/1/73, grew normally in MDCK cells when inoculated at a low multiplicity, but was easily converted to a hemagglutinating but non-infectious form by one cycle of high multiplicity infection. Within MDCK cells infected with infectious clone 301 at a high multiplicity, synthesis of M protein was greatly reduced. The virus particle produced by a high multiplicity infection was devoid of RNA segment 7 (M gene), contained less amount of M protein compared with the standard virus, and interfered with the replication of wild type B/Yamagata, again accompanied by a selective suppression of M protein synthesis within the co-infected cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01317372
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antigenic and genetic characterization of H1 influenza viruses isolated from feral ducks and swine in Japan (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 78 (1983), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The strains of H1N4 influenza A virus isolated from feral ducks in Japan in 1977–78 were compared to swine-origin H1N1 viruses antigenically and genetically. Homologous characteristics were found among the H1N4 isolates from feral ducks in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests, viral RNA patterns on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and oligonucleotide mapping. Although the hemagglutinins of duck-origin viruses employed in this study were identified as H1, the viruses were distinguishable from A/New Jersey/8/76 (H1N1), A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (H1N1) and the virus isolated from swine in Japan in the cross HI test. Also, the viral RNA patterns of the duck- and swine-origin H1 viruses were found to be quite different, indicating that genetic reassortment of HA genes between them is unlikely. After H1N4 virus of duck-origin was intranasally inoculated into pigs, a brief period of virus recovery with no serological response was observed; whereas swine-origin H1N1 virus produced seroconversion in the pigs inoculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310855
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