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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of 5-minute ischemia in mongolian gerbils: I. Blood-brain barrier, cerebral blood flow, and local cerebral glucose utilization changes (1983)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Blood-brain barrier ; Cerebral blood flow ; Glucose utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in morphology, behavior of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were assessed and correlated in Mongolian gerbils following 5 min cerebral ischemia, produced by bilateral clamping of the common carotid arteries. The morphological changes were confined to the hippocampus and revealed a conspicuously delayed destruction of the CA1 neurons, occurring after 3 days. Following release of carotid occlusions, there were two separate openings of the BBB. One, occurring shortly after recirculation, was associated with focal hyperemia in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia; the second opening was observed after several days and was associated with severe neuronal destruction in the CA1 sector. Correlation of quantitative and qualitative rCBF assays with14C-deoxyglucose autoradiographic observations indicated an uncoupling between blood flow and glucose metabolism, observed in the hippocampus at 10 min after recirculation. The described changes provide a further insight into the post-ischemic events which determine the outcome of ischemic injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691868
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuroprotection mediated by glial group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors requires the activation of the MAP kinase and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathways (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 78 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mGlu2/3 receptor agonists 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (4C3HPG) and LY379268 attenuated NMDA toxicity in primary cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes. Neuroprotection was abrogated by PD98059 and LY294002, which inhibit the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-K) pathways, respectively. Cultured astrocytes lost the ability to produce transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in response to mGlu2/3 receptor agonists when co-incubated with PD98059 or LY294002. As a result, the glial medium was no longer protective against NMDA toxicity. Activation of the MAPK and PI-3-K pathways in cultured astrocytes treated with 4C3HPG or LY379268 was directly demonstrated by an increase in the phosphorylated forms of ERK-1/2 and Akt. Similarly to that observed in the culture, intracerebral or systemic injections of mGlu2/3 receptor agonists enhanced TGF-β1 formation in the rat or mouse caudate nucleus, and this effect was reduced by PD98059. PD98059 also reduced the ability of LY379268 to protect striatal neurons against NMDA toxicity. These results suggest that activation of glial mGlu2/3 receptors induces neuroprotection through the activation of the MAPK and PI-3-K pathways leading to the induction of TGF-β.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00435.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroconvulsive shock blocks the opioid-mediated inhibition of dopamine release in rat striatal slices (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 104 (1997), S. 805-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: ECS ; dopamine release ; opioids ; striatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fractional release technique was applied to investigate the effects of single electroshock (ECS) on the opioid-mediated inhibition of dopamine release in rat striatal slices. Animals were submitted to ECS 24h before the experiments. The results demonstrate that pre-treatment with ECS suppresses the inhibition of dopamine release mediated by κ opioid receptors. These data suggest that single ECS treatment modifies the sensitivity of the κ opioid receptors located on the presynatic dopamine terminals in the rat striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01285549
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiphospholipid antibodies and cerebral artery dissection: Two frequent causes of brain ischemia in young adults (1994)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 15 (1994), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: brain ischemia ; young ; antiphospholipid antibodies ; artery dissection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Gli Autori riportano l'incidenza di anticorpi antifosfolipidi e dissezioni arteriose in 75 pazienti reclutati in uno studio multicentrico sull'ischemia cerebrale focale del giovane adulto. Gli anticorpi antifosfolipidi erano presenti in 9 pazienti (12%) mentre dissezioni arteriose sono state evidenziate in 11 casi (14%). Gli A. ribadiscono la necessità di un accurato studio dei parametri emocoagulativi ed immunologici oltre l'utilizzo di nuove tecniche di neuroimmagine nella ricerca delle cause di eventi ischmeici nei giovani.
    Notes: Abstract As part of a multicenter study on ischemic stroke in the young, we report the occurrence of high antiphospholipid antibody (aPLs) levels and cerebral dissection in 75 patients. These represent the two most frequent non-thromboembolic causes of cerebral ischemia in our population. Increased aPL titres were found in nine cases (12%); cerebral artery dissection in eleven (14%). Our data stress the need to modify the classical diagnostic approach to cerebral ischemia by including hematological assessments and new neuroimaging techniques as screening tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342452
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the province of Siena: Two cases transmitted to monkeys (1983)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 4 (1983), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; status spongiosus ; transmissible subacute encephalopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Due casi di Creutzfeldt-Jakob, documentati istopatologicamente, sono stati osservati in vicinanza cronologica e territoriale, in provincia di Siena nel 1974–1975. La trasmissibilità della malattia è stata ottenuta sia da omogenati di cervello che da linfonodi, in uno dei due casi. Questo conferma che l'agente è presente in altri tessuti oltre che nel cervello, e sottolinea ulteriormente le analogie tra Creutzfeldt-Jakob e Scrapie.
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of histopathologically documented Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were observed in the same area of the province of Siena in 1974–1975. The transmission of the disease was obtained through brain homogenates and lymphnodes in one of the two cases. This confirms that the agent is present in other tissues besides the brain and underlines further the analogies between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02043438
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebral blood flow and plasma volume during hyperglycemia in the conscious rat (1990)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 11 (1990), S. 459-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Hyperglycemia ; cerebral blood flow ; cerebral plasma volume ; stroke
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Il flusso ematico cerebrale (CBF) e il volume plasmatico cerebrale (CPV) sono stati misurati in corso di iperglicemia costante negli emisferi e nel tronco-cervelletto di ratti. Sono stati studiati tre gruppi di ratti, ciascuno con un diverso livello glicemico, 25, 33.3, 44.4 mml/L e un gruppo normoglicemico di controlo (8–9 ml/L). CBF è risultato immodificato ai livelli iperglicemici di 25 e 33.3 mml/L. Al livello iperglicemico più alto, i valori medi emisferici e del tronco-cervelletto sono risultati più bassi che nel controllo, benché le differenze non fossero statisticamente significative. CPV è stato trovato immodificato alla iperglicemia di 25 mml/L, mentre era aumentato ai livelli di 33.3 e 44.4 mml/L. I risultati dello studio non sono consistenti coll'ipotesi che l'iperglicemia favorisca il danno ischemico attraverso una riduzione del CBF.
    Notes: Abstract Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral plasma volume (CPV) were measured under steady-state hyperglycemic conditions in the hemispheres and brainstem-cerebellum of conscious rats. There groups of hyperglycemic animals each having a different level of plasma glucose concentration, 25,33.3, 44.4 mmol/l, and a normoglycemic control group were studied. CBF was not affected at the hyperglycemic levels of 25 and 33.3 mmol/l. Mean hemispheric and brainstem-cerebellum CBF values appeared lower than in controls at the highest glycemic level althoug the differences were not statistically significant. CPV was found to be unchanged at the hyperglycemic level of 25 mmol/l, while it was found to be increased in the hemispheres of the animals whose plasma glucose concentration had been elevated to 33.3 and 44.4 mmol/l. The results of the study do not support the claim that hyperglycemia may enhance ischemic brain injury by reducing CBF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02336565
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