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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (1987)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1987), S. 185-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ; Retrovirus ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ; Brain lesion ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuropathological examination of brain tissue of 100 patients with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including 98 with clinically manifest acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), revealed distinct multifocal-disseminated and diffuse brain tissue lesions, which can be regarded as HIV-induced brain lessions: multifocal giant cell encephalitis (MGCE; 4) and progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy (PDL; 25). These lesions were found in 38 brains, and in 17 in absence of infectious, necrotizing or inflammatory changes of other types. In 13 brains, a combination of MGCE with PDL was seen, suggesting a spectrum of HIV-induced brain lesions. MGCE is characterized by perivascular accumulations predominantly of rod cells, monohistiocytes and macrophages, all of which are strongly labeled with a monoclonal antibody to macrophages. Most conspicuous are multinucleated giant cells which are also labeled by anti-macrophage antibody, and which can be regarded as evidence of the local presence of HIV, as confirmed by electron microscopical detection of HIV particles in four MGCE brains, and by immunocytochemical detection of HIV proteins in two MGCE brains. PDL is characterized by a triad: diffuse myelin loss, astroglial proliferation, and infiltration by mono- and multinucleated macrophages. HIV-induced lesions can be morphologically differentiated from histopathological brain lesions known in immunosuppression, including what is called here nodular encephalitis [“subacute encephalitis” of the literature, in most cases attributable to cytomegalovirus (CMV) or toxoplasmosis], by their characteristic histopathology including the hallmark presence of multinucleated giant cells, by direct immunocytochemical and electron microscopical demonstration of HIV in the lesions, and by the absence of opportunistic agents (bacteria, fungi, Toxoplasma, CMV, HSV or papovaviruses). Diffuse poliodystrophy (diffuse proliferation of astroglia with swollen nuclei, occasionally minor neuronal loss and rod cell proliferation) was found in the cerebral cortex and other gray matter in half of all brains, including cases with gyral atrophy, and may be another correlate of HIV damage to the brain. Morphological delineation of HIV-induced brain lesions is a necessary prerequisite for a meaningful clinical definition of HIV-induced cerebral disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687080
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intractable pruritus in HIV infection: immunologic characterization (1999)
    Copenhagen : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Severe, intractable pruritus, often associated with erythematopapular skin lesions and hypereosinophilia, is a condition observed in some nonatopic, HIV-infected patients. We performed immunovirologic analyses of this condition. Methods: Immunologic (mitogen-stimulated production of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], and soluble CD23; serum levels of soluble CD23, ICAM-1, TNF-α, IgG, IgE, and IgA) and virologic (HIV viral load) parameters were analyzed in six patients with therapy-resistant pruritus. Hypereosinophilia was present in all these patients. Results were compared to those of seven HIV-seropositive individuals similar to the first one in terms of CD4 counts and clinical staging, but without pruritus. Results: Hypereosinophilia; hyper-IgE and hyper-IgA; augmented interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and sCD23; and reduced interferon-gamma production by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were detected when patients with pruritus were compared to HIV controls. HIV viral load was also augmented in patients in whom pruritus was present. Conclusions: The results suggest that therapy-resistant, intractable pruritus accompanied by hypereosinophilia may be used to define a subset of HIV-seropositive individuals showing prototypic hyperactivation of humoral immunity, and in whom augmented HIV viral load is present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00885.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous onset of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and human herpesvirus 8-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 136 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We report the simultaneous occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL) of the leg in a 79-year-old woman, seronegative for HIV-1, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. The CBCL underwent complete clinical remission after local radiotherapy, whilst the KS became disseminated within a year following diagnosis. However, 2 years after the diagnosis of KS, the patient died with neurological symptoms. These were presumed to be due to involvement of the central nervous system by lymphoma, although in the absence of an autopsy, this could not be proven. Skin biopsies from the original KS and CBCL lesions, as well as short-term culture of spindle cells from the KS lesion and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), were studied by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for DNA sequences of a novel γ-herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). PCR studies were strongly positive for the virus on KS cells and PBMC; conversely, a low viral load was found on CBCL cells. A high titre of serum IgG antibodies reacting with the nuclei of the HHV-8 positive cell line BCP-1 was found. These data suggest that reactivation of latent infection with HHV-8 had occurred in this patient, and that HHV-8 is directly involved in KS, but not in CBCL of the leg, an aggressive variant of CBCL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.01803.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tuberculosis cutis miliaris disseminata due to multidrug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosis in AIDS patients (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 14 (1995), S. 911-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two patients with AIDS and disseminated tuberculosis characterized by cutaneous involvement are reported. They developed a maculopapular skin eruption, from which a multidrug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosis strain was isolated. In both cases the clinical course was rapidly fatal. Tuberculosis cutis miliaris disseminata should be differentiated from the skin lesions frequently seen in HIV-infected patients, especially from folliculitis. In patients with tuberculosis, the appearance of cutaneous lesions may be due to the haematogenous dissemination of mycobacteria. Therefore, early identification of the causative organism by use of optimal microbiological methods is fundamental.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01691500
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Outbreak of persistent, unexplained, generalized lymphadenopathy with immunological abnormalities in drug addicts in Milan (1984)
    Springer
    Infection 12 (1984), S. 372-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine anhaltende ungeklärte Lymphadenopathie (LAS) mit intermittierendem Fieber, Gewichtsverlust, nächtlichem Schwitzen und Unwohlsein, wurde zwischen März und Oktober 1983 bei 16 von 133 Rauschgiftsüchtigen, die intravenöse Drogen benutzten, beobachtet, die mindestens zwei Jahre lang in Mailand (Italien) in einem Betreuungszentrum für rauschgiftsüchtige Patienten betreut worden waren. Alle diese Patienten stammen aus dem selben Vorort von Mailand, wo sie sich häufig gemeinsam Rauschgift applizieren und außerdem wechselseitige geschlechtliche Verhältnisse unterhalten. Folgende immunologische Veränderungen wurden nachgewiesen: Lymphopenie (50%), ein vermindertes T-Helfer-T-Suppressor-Zell-Verhältnis (93%), beide Anomalien zusammen (43%), eine Verminderung der T-Helferzellen (75%), eine Vermehrung der zytotoxischen T-Suppressor-Zellen (81%), eine verminderte Aktivität der Natural-Killer-Zellen (77%), Anergie (50%) oder Hypergie (43%) in bezug auf die Hauttestung und erhöhte IgG Serumspiegel (87%). Anti-HTLV III-Antikörper wurden bei 14 von 16 (87%) Patienten mit LAS und drei von 11 (27%) asymptomatischen, jedoch derselben Gruppe zugehörigen Rauschgiftsüchtigen nachgewiesen. Die weitere Beobachtung dieser Fälle in Hinblick auf ihre klinische und immunologische Entwicklung zum Vollbild des erworbenen Immundefekt-Syndroms, in einer Gegend, die bislang von dieser Krankheit unberührt war, ist entscheidend.
    Notes: Summary Persistent unexplained lymphadenopathy (LAS) with intermittent fever, weight loss, night sweats and malaise was observed from March to October 1983 in 16 of 133 intravenous drug addicts who had been followed for at least two years in a Center for Drug Addicts Assistance in Milan, Italy. All the subjects lived in a restricted suburban area and indulged in frequent toxicomanic practices and mutual sexual intercourse. The subjects showed immunological alterations such as lymphopenia (50%), decreased T helper/T suppressor ratio (93%), both these abnormalities (43%), decreased T helper cells (75%), increased T suppressor cytotoxic cells (81%), decreased natural killer (NK) activity (77%), anergy (50%) or hypoergy (43%) to recall skin testing and elevated levels of IgG (87%). Anti-HTLV III antibodies were found in 14 of 16 (87%) patients with LAS and in 3 of 11 (27%) symptom-free drug addicts belonging to the same group. It will be important to assess in the future whether this clinical and immunological picture results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in an area so far untouched by this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01645217
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuroimmunology in multiple sclerosis (1983)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 4 (1983), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: neuroimmunology ; multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Gli autori riferiscono sulle ultime interpretazioni immunologiche riguardanti la patogenesi della sclerosi multipla. Vengono presentati i dati concernenti un nouvo metodo immunoenzimatico per l'identificazione delle popolazioni linfocitarie.
    Notes: Abstract A review of latest immunological interpretations regarding the pathogenesis of Multiple the Sclerosis. Data on a new immunoenzymatic method for the identification of blood lymphocyte populations are presented together with preliminary results relating to an immunogenetic correlation between primary affective disorders and Multiple Sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02043899
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