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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the effects of theophylline and caffeine on serum erythropoietin concentration in premature infants (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1998), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Methylxanthines ; Prematurity ; Erythropoietin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Theophylline administration has been shown to attenuate erythropoietin (EP) production in adults; the effect of caffeine is not known. Our aim was to determine whether caffeine and theophylline had similar effects on EP production in the premature newborn. If caffeine was found to have a greater effect, this would influence prescribing habits. Fifty preterm infants (mean gestational age 28 weeks) who had clinically significant apnoea were randomized to receive theophylline (4 mg/kg then 2 mg/kg twice daily) or caffeine (10 mg/kg then 2.5 mg/kg once daily). The methylxanthines were continued at least until discharge from the NICU and the dosage altered to keep the levels within the therapeutic range. As an assessment of EP production, serum EP concentrations were measured. Blood for EP, haemoglobin, reticulocyte count, theophylline and caffeine levels was obtained prior to treatment and at least during weeks 3 and 7. There was no significant difference in the mean EP level in the two groups taken prior to treatment at a median age of 2 days of life. There were similar falls in haematocrit and haemoglobin in the two groups during the study period compared to pre-treatment values. At that time, however, the median reticulocyte count was higher in the caffeine compared to the theophylline treated infants (P 〈 0.05). This was associated with a rise compared to baseline (median 10.0–0.2 mU/ml) in the mean EP levels in the caffeine group and a decrease from a median of 10.1 to 8.3 mU/ml in the theophylline group, but the EP levels in the two groups at week 7 did not differ significantly. Conclusion These results suggest that caffeine does not have a greater impact than theophylline on EP production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050840
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substance misuse in early pregnancy and relationship to fetal outcome (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 488-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Cannabis ; Cotinine ; Prematurity ; Low birth weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To establish the frequency of substance misuse in early pregnancy in an urban UK population, 807 consecutive positive pregnancy test urine samples were screened for a range of drugs, including cotinine as an indicator of maternal smoking habits. A positive test for cannabinoids was found in 117 (14.5%) samples. Smaller numbers of samples were positive for other drugs:- opiates (11), benzodiazepines (4), cocaine (3) and one each for amphetamines and methadone. Polydrug use was detected in nine individuals. Only two samples tested positive for ethanol. The proportion with a urine cotinine level indicative of active smoking was 34.3%. The outcome of the pregnancy was traced for 288 subjects. Cannabis use was associated with a lower gestational age at delivery (P 〈 0.005), an increased risk of prematurity (P 〈 0.02) and reduction in birth weight (P 〈 0.002). Whilst maternal smoking was associated with a reduction in infant birth weight (P 〈 0.05), this was less pronounced than the effect of other substance misuse. Conclusion This study suggests that one in six women in South London are using drugs in early pregnancy and that cannabinoid use is associated with a poorer pregnancy outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051126
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre- and Perinatal Factors and the Risk of Subsequent Referral for Hyperactivity (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 33 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Possible pre- and perinatal risk factors for subsequent referral for hyperactivity were assessed by comparing birth records of 129 referrals with the remaining 24,656 members of a geographically defined birth cohort. Relationships between the risk factors were accounted for using logistic regression methods. The significant factors were: social class, maternal age, antepartum haemorrhage, length of labour (second stage), 1-min Apgar and sex. Associations between referral for hyperactivity and the pregnancy, labour and birth outcome factors were not explained by the socio-demographic variables. The results suggest that such factors have a statistically significant association with referral for hyperactivity and may be of modest aetiological importance. However, the predictive power of the final set of factors remained low even on the original data set.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00926.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcellular Pathology of Human Neurodegenerative Disorders: Alzheimer-Type Dementia and Huntington's Disease (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 47 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Activities of enzyme markers of subcellular organelles have been measured in brain tissue from subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Significant increases in the activity of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucuronidase were observed in both ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. It is suggested that β-glucuronidase activity may be a useful biochemical indicator of cellular damage in the CNS. A significant reduction in neutral α-glucosidase activity was observed in ATD temporal cortex and HD putamen. This change may reflect an alteration in glycoconjugate processing and may relate to the susceptibility of neurones to the degenerative processes of ATD and HD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00693.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality of life, sleep, mood and alcohol consumption: a complex interaction (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 7 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Socio-demographic information was collected from 52 (45 men, seven women) currently drinking moderately dependent alcohol misusers attending an outpatient clinic in South London for medical assessment and treatment. Assessments at baseline and 12-week follow-up included: (i) Severity of Alcohol Dependence (SADQ) (baseline only), (ii) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); (iii) Nottingham Health Profile sleep subscale (NHP) and (iv) the EuroQoL (EQ-5D). The main outcome measure was drinking at a “sensible level” at 12-week follow-up as recommended by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. There were significant interactions between sleeping badly, lying awake at night and HADS depression scores. The Health-related Quality of Life (HrQoL) of this group was poor compared to general population norms. Lower EQ-5D index scores were associated with poorer educational attainment and lower EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) patient ratings with greater baseline alcohol consumption. Clinician ratings on the EQ-5D VAS were consistently lower than the patient ratings. The correlations between patient self-assessment and clinician ratings (EQ-5D VAS) were not significant. The forty-seven subjects (90%) who were successfully followed-up showed a significant reduction in the total amount of alcohol consumed. Ten (21%) subjects returned to sensible drinking levels at 12 weeks but there was not a corresponding improvement in HrQoL, sleep, or affective status scores or biochemical measures in these subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135562101200100616
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and analytical aspects of areca nut (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 7 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method for the rapid analysis of the major alkaloids (arecoline and guavacoline) in areca nut extract is described. Areca nuts were pulverized and then extracted with water by sonication in a water bath. After centrifugation, the supernatant was analysed on a fused-silica capillary with 100 mM ammonium acetat–acetic acid (pH 4.6) as the running buffer at a voltage of 20 kV and temperature of 30#176;C. The method is applicable to the analysis of alkaloids in the nut, commercial preparations (pan masala) and in the saliva of areca nut chewers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556210120091455
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of oral ethanol on end-tidal CO2 tension in patients misusing alcohol (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 4 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study examines the effect of oral ethanol ingestion on PetCO2 and other respiratory variables in alcohol-misusing subjects. Twelve patients were given a loading dose of alcohol (0.270 g/kg) followed by a second dose (0.135 g/kg) half an hour later, increasing blood alcohol to a mean of 82.0 ± 10.3 (SEM) mg/100 ml at 1 hour. Five patients were classified as hazardous drinkers with evidence of mild alcohol dependence but no toxicity (Severity of Alcohol Dependency (SADQ) score 〈 15/60; serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin 〈 6%). These patients showed a significant fall in mean end-tidal PCO2 (PetCO2) on alcohol (2.08 ± 0.61 mm Hg; p = 0.027) with slightly increased ventilation (1.76 ± 0.94 1 min−1, p = 0.14); responses similar to those previously reported for normal subjects. Seven patients had evidence of moderate alcohol dependency and/or recent use (SADQ 〉 15/60; CDT 〉 6%). In these patients P et CO 2 did not fall after alcohol challenge (mean change + 0.61 mm Hg; p 〉 0.30). There were significant correlations between the changes in P et CO 2 and CDT (n = 12; rs= 0.66, p = 0.019) and SADQ (n = 11; rs= 0.688, p = 0.019). The results show that PetCO2 control is abnormal in the alcohol dependency syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556219971416
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of alcohol on respiratory variables in normal humans (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 4 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The study is designed to clarify the effect of low doses of alcohol on respiratory variables in air breathing normal subjects. Each subject was given an initial loading dose of alcohol (0.270 g/kg) followed, half an hour later, by a second dose (0.135 g/kg). Blood alcohol increased to a mean value of 52.0 ± 3.0 (SEM) mg/100 ml at 1 hour. Resting ventilation increased significantly from a mean value of 6.25 ± 0.41 litres min−1 to 7.20 ± 0.31 litres min−1 1 hour after alcohol (p= 0.025). Mean inspiratory flow was also increased (p= 0.045). Endtidal PCO2 (PET CO2) showed a highly significant fall (1.87 ± 0.35 mm Hg; p 〈 0.001) without a significant change in CO2 production rate (p 〉 0.05). PET CO2 variability (100 × SD/mean) was low (mean 2.4%) and unaffected by alcohol. The longest end-expiratory pauses (apnoeas) observed for each subject were shortened significantly by alcohol (1.030 ± 0.194 s and 0.690 ± 0.138 s; p = 0.01). Moderate doses of alcohol in normal subjects, therefore lower PET CO2 and shorten end-expiratory pauses (apnoeic periods) but do not affect PET CO2 variability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556219971740
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality of life measures in alcohol dependent subjects and changes with abstinence and continued heavy drinking (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 3 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study evaluates the quality of life status of 39 male and 21 female Caucasian subjects admitted to a voluntary sector community alcohol detoxification unit. Baseline data including socio-demographics, severity of alcohol dependence and alcohol problems were collected 4–5 days following admission. In addition, the following measures were obtained: Rotterdam Symptoms Checklist, the Beck Depression Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire 12, Chubon's Life Situation Survey and the Nottingham Health Profile. Subjects were followed up at 12 weeks, and subdivided into two groups: relapsers and non-relapsers. A relapse was defined as drinking 21 or more units per week for men and 14 units or more per week for women over 7 consecutive days (1 unit is the equivalent of 8–10 g of absolute ethanol). Fifty-eight (97%) subjects were successfully followed-up, with 36 (62%) of the group relapsing to heavy drinking within 12 weeks. The results show that alcohol dependence is associated with a poor quality of life. Subjects rated poorly on the standardized questionnaires compared with the normative values for their reference populations. Relapsers and non-relapsers differed significantly in their life situation, depression, physical and psychological symptom total scores and the Nottingham Health Profile sub-score energy at 12 weeks compared with baseline, and these changes were investigated for each group. Within the relapse group a linear regression showed no association between any of the quality of life measures and time to relapse. Individual sub-score analysis of the Nottingham Health Profile results point to the importance of sleep, social isolation, pain, physical mobility and anergia in alcohol dependency. There was little change as a result of either not remitting or returning to heavy drinking and overall these findings confirm that alcohol dependent subjects have a poor quality of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556219872137
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The prevalence of alcohol misuse in patients undergoing cataract surgery (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 3 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: If a factor could be identified which delayed the onset of cataract by 10 years, the number of annual cataract operations worldwide has been estimated to decrease by 45%. A case-control study compared alcohol consumption in 78 patients attending for routine cataract surgery in South East London with data from a large population-based survey. Male cataract patients had a significantly greater risk of being harmful drinkers (odds ratio = 8, p = 0.007) than the controls. The harmful male drinkers were significantly younger than the non-drinkers with cataract (mean difference 15 years, p 〈 0.007). Female cataract patients were not more likely to be excessive drinkers than controls. The female drinkers with cataract were of a similar age to the non-drinking female patients with cataract. Haematological and biochemical indices of alcohol toxicity indicated five patients who were likely to be harmful drinkers, but who had denied this on direct questioning. Seven (26%) of the male patients had a low serum 25 hydroxycholecalciferol although the levels were normal in the female patients. These results support the view that excess alcohol consumption is related to cataract formation and suggest that alcohol causes premature cataract formation in male, but not female patients. Alcohol consumption is amenable to intervention and suggests that such intervention could have a significant impact on the need for cataract surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556219872272
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