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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soluble interleukin-4 receptor (sIL-4R) in allergic diseases (1999)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 48 (1999), S. 425-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Key words: Soluble IL-4R — Bronchial asthma — Atopic dermatitis — Allergic inflammation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The mediator interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays an important role in the development of allergic inflammatory responses. IL-4 controls the production of IgE, expands IL-4 producing T cell subsets and stabilises effector cells functions. Based on this concept, it was aimed to neutralize secreted IL-4 molecules using recombinant soluble IL-4 receptors. The molecular characterization of soluble IL-4 receptors allowed the design of a recombinant drug initially evaluated in cell culture, then in animal models, followed by investigations of T cell functions from allergic patients in vitro. Based on these data, phase I/II studies have been initiated to take this approach from bench to bedside. Initial data reveal that this approach is safe and without drug-related toxicity. Stabilization of lung functions in moderate asthma patients has been reported. These results have proven the concept for a central role of IL-4 in the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases. The immediate future will reveal whether neutralization of IL-4 with suitable drugs will provide an additional tool in the management of allergic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000110050482
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dysgammaglobulinämic Typ I (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 51 (1973), S. 725-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Antibody deficiency syndrome ; connatal dysgammaglobulinaemia Type I ; macroglobulinaemia ; Antikörpermangelsyndrom ; connatale Dysgammaglobulinämie Typ I ; Makroglobulinämie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Fall von Dysgammaglobulinämie Typ I (Einteilung nach Rosen und Janeway [20]) mitgeteilt. Der 7jährige Knabe zeigte die typischen Zeichen eines Antikörpermangelsyndroms seit seinem ersten Lebensjahr. Die Acetatfolienelektrophorese war unauffällig, trotzdem fehlten bei dem Patienten IgG und IgA vollständig. Erst die immunelektrophoretische Analyse deckte den Defekt auf: Eine im β2-Bereich nachweisbare Doppellinie entsprach zwei verschiedenen Typen von IgM-Molekülen, nämlich IgM-kappa und IgM-lambda, wie durch entsprechende Erschöpfung des Antiserums mit Bence-Jones-Proteinen vom kappa- und/ oder lambda-Typ gezeigt werden konnte. Die analytische Ultrazentrifugation und die Gelfiltration über Sephadex G 200 bestätigte das Vorliegen einer polyklonalen Makroglobulinämie, der Serum-IgM-Gehalt betrug etwa 880 mg/100 ml (Ergebnis der Ultrazentrifugation). Das exzessiv vermehrte IgM erschien inert, es konnten keine Isoagglutinine nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary A case of dysgammaglobulinaemia type I (according to Rosen and Janeway [20]) is reported. Since his first year of life, a seven year old boy suffered from symptoms typical of an antibody deficiency syndrome. Paper electrophoresis was normal, but IgG and IgA were completely missing. The defect was finally analysed by immune electrophoresis: A double band in the region of β2 corresponded to two different types of IgM molecules, namely kappa and lambda, as could be demonstrated by exhaustion of the antisera with Bence-Jones proteins of the kappa- and lambda-type. Macroglobulinaemia was confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The serum IgM level was approximately 880 mg/100 ml. Isohemagglutinins however were absent. It was concluded that the excessively increased IgM was functionally inert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01468364
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunopathological mechanisms of delayed allergy-like reactions to contrast media: a theoretical overview (1996)
    Springer
    European radiology 6 (1996), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556668
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotrophins in allergic disease of skin and lung: modulators of immunological and neuronal plasticity (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Experimental dermatology 13 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Allergies are chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, lung and gut. Atopic dermatitis represents the main manifestation of the skin, and bronchial asthma is the leading condition in the lower respiratory tract. Both conditions are due to an inappropriate immune response to harmless environmental antigens (or allergens). There is growing evidence for a close interaction between the immune and nervous system in the pathophysiology of allergies. Recent evidence from our group indicates that neurotrophin production including nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are elevated in those organs. Both, residential cells including airway epithelium and migratory cells including macrophages, T cells and eosinophils serve as important sources. The effects of increased neurotrophin production are bidirectional. On the one hand, they control sensory nerve fibres in terms of function, neuropeptide synthesis and survival. On the other side, neurotrophins also serve as important survival factors particularly for inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, T cells and macrophages. Utilizing the model of segmental allergen provocation of mild to moderate asthmatic patients, it has been shown that neurotrophins prevent sufficiently apoptotic cell death of lung, but not blood eosinophils. In addition, they augment the ongoing inflammatory reaction. The functional interaction between neurotrophins and immune and nerve cells has been extensively studied in both human and mouse models of experimental allergic asthma. In the latter system, the crucial role of the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75 has been investigated in p75 NTR–/– mice. Furthermore, NGF transgenic animals have been utilized to assess the contribution of NGF. The role of BDNF on differentiation and function of B-lymphocytes has been identified in BDNF–/– mice. In conclusion, our data support the concept that neurotrophins mediate immunological and neuronal plasticity within the neuro-immune network of allergic disease in the lung and skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00212z.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative staining in diagnostic virology
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Micron And Microscopica Acta 22 (1991), S. 435-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-6260
    Keywords: Negative staining ; virus diagnostics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0739-6260(91)90061-4
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve growth factor induces increased airway inflammation via a neuropeptide-dependent mechanism in a transgenic animal model of allergic airway inflammation (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Nerve growth factor (NGF) exerts an important functional impact on the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Data obtained in animal models of allergic bronchial asthma indicate that NGF alters sensory nerve function and promotes allergic inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity, and airway obstruction.Objective To further delineate the effects of NGF on airway inflammation, we employed a transgenic (tg) animal model of allergic inflammation and asthma.Methods NGF-tg mice, which overexpress NGF in Clara cells of the airways, were compared with wild-type (wt) littermates regarding their ability to mount IgE-related airway inflammatory responses. Mice were sensitized intraperitoneally to ovalbumin (OVA) and locally challenged via the airways according to established protocols.Results NGF-tg mice displayed enhanced levels of OVA-specific IgE antibody titres after repeated OVA aerosol exposure. In the airways, increased numbers of eosinophils were detected. These results were confirmed to be NGF specific, because similar results were obtained following local application of NGF into the airways of wt mice. The effect of NGF was partly mediated via neuropeptides, as treatment of OVA-sensitized NGF-tg mice with the dual neurokinin (NK) receptor NK-1/NK-2 antagonist partly prevented enhanced airway inflammation.Conclusion The present data indicate an important functional role of NGF in allergic airway inflammation and point to an involvement of tachykinins as mediators of NGF effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01993.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Usefulness of mycobacteria in redirecting the immune response in atopic disease (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01875.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A subset of CD8+ T cells from allergic patients produce IL-4 and stimulate IgE production in vitro (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background and Objective A subset of IL-4 producing CD8+ T cells was recently identified in HIV patients. Based on these findings we examined whether IL-4 producing CD8+ T cells would also be present in allergic patients and what would be the functional relevance of this T-cell population.Methods We investigated the role of CD8+ T cells in IgE production of allergic diseases by analysing the cytokine profile of individual CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.Results In allergic patients about twice as many CD4+ T cells and six times as many CD8+ T cells produced IL-4 as in non-allergic controls. In contrast the frequency of IFNγ+ T-cell subsets did not significantly differ between the allergic and non-allergic individuals. The frequency of 1L4+CD8+ T cells correlated with the level of serum IgE. Coculture experiments with T cells or purified CD8+ T cells together with autologous B cells indicated that CD8+ T cells enhanced IgE in vitro, but not IgM production, even when they were physically separated from B cells. This effect could be partially blocked by addition of an IL-4 binding protein, a soluble IL-4 receptor indicating that lL-4 is involved in CD8+ T-cell mediated IgE production.Conclusions These data indicate a positive role of IL-4 secreting CD8+ T cells in IgE regulation in allergic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1997.1180931.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deficiency in immunoglobulin G2 antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 defines a subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background and aim Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease often accompanied by cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus colonization and, in this regard, especially complicated by the presence of superantigen-producing strains. Because IgG antibodies comprise an important defence mechanism of the adaptive immune system against bacteria, it was investigated whether AD patients have an abnormal pattern or distribution of superantigen-specific IgG subclass antibodies in association with disease severity and activity.Methods Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and staphylococcal enterotoxin C1 (SEC1) specific IgG antibody subclasses were assessed in n=89 adult AD patients with mild to severe disease activity as determined by the SCORAD score and in n=28 healthy age-matched controls. Results were correlated with the current status of bacterial skin colonization and severity score.Results Thirty-eight per cent of the AD patients showed a selective deficiency in IgG2 antibodies against SEC1 compared with only 14% in the control group. The absence of these antibodies was found in both currently colonized and non-colonized AD patients and was associated with a severe phenotype (SCORAD more than 40 points in two-thirds of the deficient patients). However, these patients had normal production levels of IgG2 antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP) and SEB, but higher IgG1 and IgG4 titres against SEC1. Except for elevated total IgG1, total IgG subclass levels were normal in this AD subgroup. Yet, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from these patients clearly produced IL-4 and IL-5 upon SEC1 re-stimulation whereas PBMCs from those providing SEC1-specific IgG2 antibodies failed in the production of these cytokines.Conclusion A subgroup of AD patients suffers from a selective deficiency to produce anti-SEC1 IgG2 antibodies. This patient group is characterized by a severe AD phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02192.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased airway responsiveness, allergy-type-I skin responses and systemic anaphylaxis in a humanized-severe combined immuno-deficiency mouse model (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background In patients with allergic bronchial asthma, a strong relationship between elevated serum IgE antibody titres and the development of increased airway responsiveness (AR) has been demonstrated. To further elucidate the relationship between human (hu) IgE and development of increased AR, we developed an in vivo model utilizing immuno-compromised severe combined immuno-deficiency (SCID) mice.Methods SCID mice were either reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from non-atopic, healthy or atopic individuals sensitized against house dust mite allergen (Der p), or passively sensitized with plasma from non-atopic, healthy or atopic individuals.Results In both systems, atopic hu-SCID mice developed increased AR. The following results suggest that these responses were mediated via IgE antibodies: increased AR did not occur after transfer of either PBMC or IgE-negative plasma from non-atopic individuals; increased AR occurred simultaneous with increased serotonin release detected 15 min after allergen–aerosol challenge in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; and increased AR required at least two allergen–aerosol challenges. SCID mice reconstituted with serum containing anti-Der p IgE antibodies developed positive immediate-type skin test responses to intradermal injection of Der p as well as anti-hu-IgE antibody. In addition, IgE binding to skin mast cells was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, intravenous challenge of hu anti-Der p positive SCID mice with Der p resulted in systemic anaphylaxis.Conclusion These data provide evidence that passive immunization of SCID mice with hu IgE alters AR and that T cells and eosinophils were not a requirement for the development of increased AR in this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01887.x
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