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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 67 (1995), S. 4577-4580 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Cardiovascular drug reviews 14 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1527-3466
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 95 (2000), S. 290-298 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Key words Endothelin – cardiovascular system – receptor – pathophysiology – physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The endothelins comprise a family of three isopeptides ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, whereby ET-1 appears to be the most relevant in humans. They act in a paracrine manner on ETA and ETB receptors. ET-1 plays an important role in the cardiovascular system. In addition, it modulates vasomotion and growth processes, and it participates in thrombogenesis and neutrophil adhesion. This review summarizes some of the current literature pertaining to the physiological and pathophysiological significance of ET-1, focusing the assets and drawbacks of elevated ET-1 levels. In this regard, modulation of the endothelin system by either receptor blockade or by inhibition of endothelin converting enzyme is expected to provide novel therapeutic drug strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Ischemia ; Myocardial dysfunction ; Cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation ; Loss of synchronization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In clinical studies stress-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease is used to evaluate the severity of this disease. The discussion on the importance of some parameters measured during this intervention is controversial, other parameters are difficult to obtain. On the basis of an experimental model of stress-induced myocardial ischemia, we tried to find an index that reflects best this cardiac state. We therefore compared in eight anesthetized open-chest dogs control conditions with three other hemodynamic states with increasing imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and oxygen supply: severe stenosis on circumflex coronary artery, 60 s cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation (CSNS) with a severe stenosis on circumflex coronary artery, and 60 s complete occlusion of circumflex coronary artery. Using a one-way analysis of variance, we found two significantly changed parameters during the stressinduced ischemia: Regional lactate extraction was turned to production (32 ± 4 vs. −4 ± 1%) and the ratio ofdP/dt min todP/dt max was decreased (1.13 ± 0.05 vs. 0.67 ± 0.05; control vs. CSNS with a severe stenosis on circumflex coronary artery). We conclude that the ratio ofdP/dt min todP/dt max is an easily accessible, sensitive, and dynamic index for characterization of an stress-induced myocardial ischemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 75 (1980), S. 615-622 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Schlagvolumen des linken Ventrikels wurde mit Hilfe einer invasiven Ultraschallmethode bestimmt. Hierzu wurde ein neues Modell entwickelt, durch welches die Form des Ventrikels gut dargestellt werden konnte. Um die Validität des Verfahrens zu prüfen, wurden umfangreiche Messungen an verschiedenen Modellkörpern, an exzidierten Hundeherzen und an schlagenden Hundeherzen durchgeführt. Für die Messungen in situ wurde ein Katheter entwickelt. An dem Teil, der in den Ventrikel vorgeschoben wurde, befanden sich drei zylinderförmige Ultraschallelemente. Mit ihnen wurde je ein Radius in einer Ventrikelebene gemessen. Zusammen mit der Messung der Länge des Ventrikels am exzidierten Herzen konnte das Ventrikelvolumen berechnet werden. Bisher wurde nur das enddiastolische und das endsystolische Volumen betrachtet. Die Auswertung der verschiedenen Messungen zeigte, daß das Verfahren gute Ergebnisse mit großer Genauigkeit und geringer Streuung liefert. Eine Ausnahme bildeten die Volumenbestimmungen an acht Hundeherzen in situ. Hier lag eine Unterschätzung des Schlagvolumens durch die Ultraschallmethode gegenüber der Farbstoffverdünnungsmethode (18,7%) und der elektromagnetischen Messung (11,7%) vor. Dieser Fehler beruht wahrscheinlich darauf, daß die Ventrikellänge bei der Volumenberechnung als konstante Größe verwendet wurde. Bei zukünftigen Messungen wird diese Größe auch mit der Ultraschallmethode bestimmt werden. Insgesamt kann gesagt werden, daß die Ergebnisse eine gute Basis dafür sind, bei zukünftigen Messungen mit demselben Katheter auch den intraventrikulären Druck fortlaufend zu messen, um auf diese Weise Untersuchungen über die Kontraktilität des linken Ventrikels in situ zu erleichtern.
    Notes: Summary The volume of the left ventricle was determined by an invasive ultrasonic method. A new model was developed which made it possible to approximate the shape of the left ventricle. In order to evaluate the method's validity, measurements were made on various geometrical solids and on canine hearts in vitro and in situ. For the measurements in situ a catheter was developed. Three cylindrical transducers were mounted in that part of the catheter, which was inserted into the left ventricle. In this way, one radius was measured in three different planes. Together with the distance apex-basis which was measured on the excised heart, these measurements were used to compute the left ventricular volume. To date, only the enddiastolic and endsystolic volumes have been analysed. The experiments which were performed on geometrical solids and on excised canine hearts showed that the method has a high accuracy and a low scatter. However, a systematic error was found while measuring the ventricular volumes of eight canine hearts in situ; the ultrasonic method underestimated the stroke volumes as compared with dye dilution (18.7%) and electromagnetic flow measurements (11.7%). This error is probably due to the fact that the ventricular length was used as a constant factor for calculating the volume. Therefore, future experiments will include the ultrasonic determination of the long axis of the ventricle. On the basis of the present results, it appears to be realistic to combine the ultrasonic catheter with a tip manometer. This will permit the continuous measurement of left ventricular volume and pressure, and thus facilitate studies on myocardial contractility in situ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: implantation technique ; sonomicrometric device ; transit time ; myocardial wall thickness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrasonic techniques for the measurement of ventricular dimensions are widely used in acute and chronic experiments. Implantation of ultrasonic crystals is associated with reversible and irreversible myocardial damage which might limit the interpretation of the obtained results, in particular during acute experiments. We therefore developed a sonomicrometric device which can be easily and quickly implanted, and thus reduces the reversible myocardial damage induced by prolonged surgical implantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Anrep effect ; gardenhose effect ; isolated heart ; rabbit ; Frank-Starling mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sudden increases in aortic pressure (AoP, mmHg) are associated with increases in left ventricular (LV) function which persist even after diastolic volume has returned to its initial value (Anrep effect). Likewise, increases in coronary arterial pressure (CAP, mmHg) are associated with improved LV function (gardenhose effect). In situ, increases in AoP are paralleled by increases in both CAP and coronary blood flow, i.e., oxygen supply. We investigated the individual contributions of AoP and CAP increases on function (peak systolic pressure: LVPmax, mm Hg; dP/dtmax, mm Hg/s; end-diastolic pressure: LVPed, mm Hg) and end-diastolic geometry (inner diameter: IDed, mm; wall thickness: WTed, mm; sonomicrometry). CAP-induced increases in coronary flow were prevented by admixing dextran to the perfusate. The experiments were performed on isolated, saline-perfused, working rabbit hearts. Increasing CAP from 60 to 80 mm Hg (n=11) resulted in improved function: LVPmax 89±3 vs. 94±3, dP/dtmax 1160±50 vs. 1250±50, LVPed 17±1 vs. 16±1 (mean±SEM). IDed decreased from 9.96±0.25 to 9.64±0.33 and WTed increased from 6.02±0.16 to 6.15±0.17. In a second series, AoP was increased from 60 to 80 (n=9). Both LVPmax, dP/dtmax and LVPed increased (90±4 vs. 97±3, 1170±70 vs. 1270±90 and 18±1 vs. 19±1). IDed increased from 9.76±0.39 to 9.99±0.37 and WTed decreased from 6.08±0.22 to 5.86±0.25. After additionally increasing CAP to 80, function further improved (LVPmax: 101±3, dP/dtmax: 1310±80) while LVPed decreased (18±1). This time, IDed decreased to 9.71±0.36 and WTed increased to 6.03±0.26. Increases in CAP improve LV function via the gardenhose effect and likely do not depend on simultaneous increases in coronary flow or oxygen supply. On the other hand, increases in AoP alone improve systolic function via the Frank-Starling mechanism. Increases in both pressures together amplify this effect. Increases in CAP and in AoP have opposing effects on IDed and WTed. In conclusion, the homeometric Anrep effect-at least in part — can be viewed as synergistic action of the Frank-Starling mechanism and the gardenhose effect for this experimental model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 89 (1994), S. 207-240 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: MVO2 ; work ; substrate ; perfusate ; disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the energy delivered by a system to the energy supplied to it. Depending on the particular question being addressed, there exist a plethora of definitions of efficiency in medical texts, thus hampering their comparison. If only the ventricular work seen by the arterial system is under investigation, pressure-volume work will serve as a useful numerator. If, on the other hand, external and internal work together, i.e. the total mechanical work, is of interest, the pressure-volume area might be employed. Total myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) will be a useful denominator in the case of aerobic energy production. The MVO2 for the unloaded contraction must be assessed if, as in other energy transfer systems, net efficiency is to be addressed. If even smaller steps in the chain of energy transfer are to be investigated MVO2 for the arrested heart must be assessed. With an appropriate therapy, hemodynamic determinants can be varied, to improve cardiac efficiency. Nonetheless, measurement of all variables necessary for the calculation of efficiency remains a challenge, in particular in the clinical setting. Separation of the direct effects of drugs on efficiency is even more difficult, since hemodynamic conditions can hardly be controlled throughout the observation period, and changes in efficiency might be secondary to changes in hemodynamics. Whether the heart by itself employs mechanisms to improve its efficiency is still a matter of discussion: there is evidence that when oxygen supply decreases, the heart can switch from one substrate to a less costly one, or possibly can improve efficiency through better use of oxygen. Moreover, the heart seems to “sense” an even more decreased oxygen supply and reduce function in response. Myocardial stunning could be regarded as a protective mechanism as well, with function remaining depressed and the oxygen supply being normal or close to normal. One may conclude from the decreased efficiency that the excess oxygen consumption is used up for repair processes. The improved efficiency found in hypertrophied hearts represents another adaptive process. The underlying mechanism is unclear: a shift towards isomyosin V3 or some undefined shift in metabolic pathway is discussed. It is also still a moot question towards which objective the efficiency of the heart is adjusted. It has been described that under physiologic conditions, the efficiency of both the left and the right ventricle ought to be maximized. The alternative finding that the heart and the arterial system are adjusted to maximize stroke work is only a serious contrast if both maxima are narrow and clearly separated from each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Stunning ; Ca++ sensitivity ; isolated heart ; rabbit ; oxygen consumption ; inotropic reserve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A possible cause for the decreased function in postischemic reperfused (=stunned) myocardium could be a decrease in Ca++ sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we used an agent with reportedly Ca++ sensitizing properties (EMD 57033) and performed experiments on a total of 17 isolated rabbit hearts that were perfused with an erythrocyte-containing medium in a modified Langendorff setting (hct=30%; Ca++=2.0 meq/l). The hearts were divided into two groups. In one group (n=9), the Ca++ sensitizer (30 μM) was administered to nonischemic myocardium, and in a second group (n=8), the Ca++ sensitizer was administered after 30 min of reperfusion that followed a period of 20 min normothermic, no-flow ischemia. In the nonischemic group, addition of the agent, improved left ventricular (LV) function significantly. In the ischemic group, LV-function was depressed at 30 min reperfusion compared to control. Again, the agent improved LV-function significantly. The increase in systolic and diastolic function was comparable in both groups as well as the oxygen consumption that was significantly increased after administration of the agent. In both groups, the agent neither exhibited significant, positive chronotropic nor arrhythmogenic effects. We summarize that the novel Ca++ sensitizer acts as a potent positive inotropic agent in the isolated blood-perfused rabbit heart. Because of the agent's properties to ameliorate postischemic contractile dysfunction, this general strategy may be useful for treating poorly functioning reperfused myocardium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 90 (1995), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: Myocardium ; hibernation ; downregulation ; ischemia ; perfusion-contraction matching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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