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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 50 (1966), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a brief general view over signal theory, system theory and their relations the behavior of linear systems is characterized by differential equations in the case of stationary stochastic input signals for which there doesn't exist an analytical description. By means of averaging new differential equations are formed which contain the correlation functions instead of the signals. The coefficients of the differential equations are not influenced by this process. As illustrative examples two linear filters as well as a PID-controller are treated.
    Notes: Übersicht Nach einem kurzen Ausblick in die Signaltheorie und die Systemtheorie sowie deren Querverbindungen wird gezeit, wie man das Verhalten linearer Systeme auch dann durch Differentialgleichungen beschreiben kann, wenn stationäre stochastische Prozesse als Eingangssignale Verwendung finden, für die es keinen analytischen Ausdruck gibt. Durch eine geeignete Mittelwertbildung entstehen neue Differentialgleichungen, in welchen anstelle der Signale Korrelationsfunktionen auftreten. Die Koeffizienten der Differentialgleichungen bleiben dabei unverändert. Als Anwendungsbeispiele werden ein zweistufiges Filter, ein Allpaß sowie ein PID-Regler mit Verzögerung erster Ordnung behandelt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Urodilatin ; Ularitide ; Akutes Nierenversagen (ANV) ; Lebertransplantation (LTx) ; Hämodialyse ; Hämofiltration ; Key words Urodilatin ; Ularitide ; Acute renal failure (ARF) ; Liver transplantation (LTx) ; Hemodialysis ; Hemofiltration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Acute renal failure (ARF) is a serious complication following liver transplantation. Many therapeutic regimens have been used so far but with limited success. Urodilatin (URO) is a new member of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) family. When administered intravenously, URO induces strong diuresis and natriuresis with tolerable hemodynamic side effects. Preliminary non-controlled clinical studies demonstrate beneficial effects using URO as a therapeutic agent in patients suffering from ARF following heart and liver transplantation (HTx, LTx). These results prompted us to initiate this first controlled clinical trial to investigate whether URO infusion can improve renal function in patients with emerging ARF following LTx. Method. We initiated a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing five patients receiving i.v. URO infusion (20 ng/kg bw/min) with four placebo patients after informed consent was obtained. Optional inclusion criteria were oliguria/anuria (〈0.5 ml/kg/h), refractory to conventional treatment including administration of furosemide and dopamine, increase of serum creatinine to a least 200% of preoperative values, and BUN levels ≥25 mmol/l. The primary parameters for efficacy was the frequency of hemodialysis/hemofiltration. Results. The frequency of hemodialysis/hemofiltration during URO or placebo infusion was significantly reduced (P=0.03) in the URO-treated patients in comparison with placebo. BUN levels did not differ between two groups, but serum creatinine levels were consistently lower in the URO group. Diuresis tended to be stronger in the URO group, maintaining high levels despite a significant reduction in the administration of furosemide in comparison with placebo. Conclusion. We conclude that URO seems to be a new approach for the treatment of therapy-resistant postoperative ARF following LTx.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Trotz vieler unterschiedlicher neuer Therapieversuche, stellt das postoperative ANV auch heute noch ein nicht gelöstes Problem dar. 1988 wurde Urodilatin (URO), ein natriuretisches Peptid, aus dem menschlichen Urin isoliert. Nachdem 2 nicht kontrollierte, klinische Studien mit URO zur Prophylaxe und Therapie des ANV nach Herz- bzw. Lebertransplantation (HTx, LTx) mit Erfolg durchgeführt wurden, initiierten wir diese erste doppelblinde, Plazebo-kontrollierte Studie zur Therapie des ANV nach LTx. Wir verglichen 5 URO (20 ng/kg KG/min) mit 4 Plazebopatienten. Eines der folgenden Einschlußkriterien mußte innerhalb von 7 Tagen nach LTx erfüllt sein: Diuretika-resistente Oligurie/Anurie (〈0,5 ml/kg/h), Verdopplung des Serum-Kreatininwerts bezogen auf den Wert vor Beginn der LTx und ein Anstieg des Serum-Harnstoffs ≥25 mmol/l. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß URO signifikant die Hämodialyse-/Hämofiltrationshäufigkeit im Vergleich zu den mit Plazebo behandelten Patienten (p=0,03) senkt und eine Diurese induziert, die bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion der Furosemidapplikation stärker ist als in der Plazebogruppe. Wir schließen aus diesen ersten Ergebnissen einer kontrollierten Doppelblindstudie, daß URO ein potentes Medikament für die Therapie des postoperativen ANV nach LTx sein könnte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words C1-esterase inhibitor ; Complement system ; Sepsis ; Liver transplantation ; Caroli's disease ; Colloid osmotic pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The extent of complement and contact activation is related to outcome in sepsis. A low functional index of their main blocker C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) is considered as a relative deficiency of C1-INH and might contribute to the development of fatal complications in the intensive care unit. The first results of therapeutic intervention with C1-INH concentrate in septic shock are promising. We report on our experience of C1-INH concentrate administration in a young woman with Caroli's disease as ultimate rescue therapy for septic shock with capillary leakage syndrome after combined liver and kidney transplantation. No focus of infection was detectable and thus surgical intervention was not indicated. Antibiotic therapy at that time included vancomycin, tobramycin, meropenem and fluconazol. Hemodynamic stabilization occurred within hours after administration of C1-INH concentrate. Simultaneously a reduction in vasopressor medication was possible and negative fluid balance was achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Ciclosporin ; Liver transplantation ; metabolites ; cholestasis ; rejection ; M19 ; M1A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of metabolites of ciclosporin in blood and 24 h-urine of 58 liver graft recipients was routinely monitored by HPLC from transplantation until discharge from hospital. Liver function and ciclosporin metabolite pattern in patients with an uncomplicated clinical course and in those with cholestasis or acute rejection were compared. During cholestasis M19 and M1A, and during acute rejection M19, in blood were significantly elevated compared to the control group. Blood M19 was significantly correlated with bilirubin concentration and γ-glutamyl transferase activity in serum, and M1A with the serum bilirubin concentration. Analysis of the metabolite pattern over the observation period showed higher concentrations of M19 and M1A in blood from patients with cholestasis and acute rejection than in the control group; concentrations were lower in the rejection group than in the cholestasis group. The metabolite pattern in 24 h-urine showed similar alterations in ciclosporin metabolite pattern to those in blood. Cholestasis and rejection shift the ciclosporin metabolite pattern in blood and urine to higher concentrations of M19 and M1A, whereas the concentrations of other metabolites and ciclosporin were not significantly affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Ciclosporin liver transplantation ; metabolites ; nephrotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood ciclosporin (Cs) metabolite pattern in 58 liver grafted patients was routinely monitored by HPLC from the first Cs dose after transplantation until discharge from hospital. Eighteen patients with normal kidney function were allocated to Group I and 14 patients in Group II suffered Cs nephrotoxicity during their clinical course. There were no significant differences between both groups in blood Cs level, kidney function before transplantation, liver function or co-administration of other potentially nephrotoxic drugs. A correlation matrix involving both groups showed a significant correlation between the blood concentration of metabolite M1c9 and serum creatinine and urea, and an inverse correlation with creatinine clearance. During a nephrotoxic episode the blood concentrations of metabolites M1c9 and M1A were significantly elevated in patients in Group II. Analysis of the time course revealed significantly higher blood levels of M19 and M1c9 in Group II patients compared with those in Group I for the first 10 days after transplantation. Serum creatinine and urea concentrations remained significantly elevated, the creatinine clearance being significantly reduced throughout the period of observation. The elevated blood concentrations of ciclosporin metabolites M1c9 and M19 during nephrotoxic episodes suggest that these metabolites are associated with ciclosporin nephrotoxicity. It could not be decided if the elevated metabolite concentrations were the result of and/or the reason for impaired kidney function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Ciclosporin ; metabolism ; metabolites ; liver dysfunction ; kidney transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant, is metabolized by the liver cytochrome P450 system. Changes in the pattern of its metabolites in blood and urine in patients with disturbed liver function have been studied. Forty seven kidney graft patients receiving 2.9 mg/kg/d ciclosporin b.i.d., and no additional medication that would interfere with ciclosporin metabolism, were allocated to three groups according to liver function: I with normal liver function (n=19), II with elevated liver enzyme activity or bilirubin concentration in serum (n=20), and III with cholestasis (n=8). Ciclosporin and 17 metabolites were determined in blood and 24 h-urine. In blood the trough concentrations of metabolites M19 and M1A were significantly higher in group III than in groups I and II. The total quantity of metabolites excreted in 24 h-urine was significantly different for H230, M4N69 and M1A (group III〉I=II). Renal excretion of the daily dose of ciclosporin in patients in group I was 2.7%, group II 3% and group III 5.7%. In group III compared to group I the ciclosporin metabolite pattern was shifted to a relatively higher concentration of M19 in blood and of H 230, M19 and M1A in urine. Since high ciclosporin metabolite concentrations appear to be associated with nephrotoxicity, the metabolite pattern in patients with impaired liver function should be monitored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims : To determine the expression of a protein termed augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR), recently found to have a specific and beneficial effect on the process of liver regeneration in normal and diseased human liver.Methods and results : ALR expression in normal and cirrhotic human livers with various underlying diseases as well as in tissue samples of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) was analysed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transciptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression analysis of ALR in total liver protein extracts by Western blotting showed mainly dimeric ALR protein. Immunohistochemically, cytosolic and perinuclear immunosignals were found in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in normal, cirrhotic or cancerous liver tissue and only weak signals in some endothelial cells in normal livers. Quantitative mRNA analysis revealed significantly increased ALR expression in cirrhosis compared with normal liver tissue. In HCC and CCC ALR mRNA expression was also significantly enhanced compared with normal liver tissue, but expression levels did not differ from the matching non-neoplastic tissue in the same patient.Conclusions : The findings suggest an important role for ALR in hepatocellular regeneration in liver cirrhosis as well as in hepatocarcinogenesis and therefore its potential value in the clinical diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis and cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 32 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: BMA031 is an IgG2b antibody directed towards the human α/β T-cell receptor that is able to induce proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells independent of antibody cross-linking. The proliferative response to BMA031 during the first 1 days of culture is usually of similar magnitude lo that induced by the IgG2a CD3 antibody OKT3 but decreases quickly afterwards. Stimulation by BMA031 induces no measureable IL-2 release, very low expression of the IL-2 receptor, and does not trigger cytotoxic effector function. However, cross-linking of the antibody or addition of IL-2 leads So enhanced and prolonged proliferation, strong IL-2 receptor expression, and cytotoxic activity, features that are usually found after Stimulation by the IgG2a CD3 antibody OKT3 in soluble form. The stimulatory effect of BMA031 cannot be diminished by IL-2 receptor blocking, whereas stimulation by OKT3 is strongly reduced Moreover, proliferation induced by BMA031 has lower sensitivity to inhibition by ciclosporin than OKT3. From these results two major conclusions can be drawn: (I) an IL-2-independent way of activation may be important for the short-term proliferation of the T cells stimulated by BMA031 and (2) after stimulation by BMA031. cells reach a state of activation that is different from that induced by OK.T3. These differences arc most likely related to the different specificities of the antibodies, α/β TcR versus CD3, suggesting that different activation signals are triggered via CD3 and via the α/β TcR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography A 82 (1973), S. 5-6 
    ISSN: 0021-9673
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography A 48 (1970), S. 46-52 
    ISSN: 0021-9673
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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