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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 955-962 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Karotisstenose ; Mikroembolien ; T-Zellen ; Tissue-Faktor ; Matrixmetalloproteinase ; Keywords Carotid artery stenosis ; Microemboli ; T cells ; Tissue factor ; Matrixmetalloproteinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Arterioarterial thromboembolism from extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis is an important pathogenic mechanism of ischemic stroke. However, even a high-grade ICA stenosis carries a greatly variable annual risk of stroke, as high as 13% following a recent occurrence of transient or minor cerebral ischemia or as low as 1–2% in clinically asymptomatic patients. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory processes play a central role in atherosclerosis and particularly in plaque destabilization converting chronic atherosclerosis into an acute neurological disorder. In thromboendarterectomy specimens from patients with high-grade ICA stenoses, the extent of inflammatory infiltration and the expression of matrixmetalloproteinase-9 correlated to clinical and ultrasonic features of plaque destabilization such as cerebral microembolism. Inflammation might become a new therapeutic target in symptomatic carotid artery disease.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Arterioarterielle Thrombembolien aus extrakraniellen Stenosen der A. carotis interna (ACI) stellen eine häufige Ursache zerebraler Ischämien dar. Dabei ist das Schlaganfallrisiko nicht ausschließlich vom Stenosegrad abhängig: Hochgradige (〉70%ige) ACI-Stenosen haben ein jährliches Schlaganfallrisiko von 13%, wenn sie innerhalb von 6 Monaten symptomatisch waren, gegenüber nur 1–2% bei zuvor asymptomatischen Stenosen. Die Pathomechanismen, die aus einem chronischen arteriosklerotischen Karotisplaque eine akute neurologische Erkrankung im Sinne der Plaquedestabilisierung machen, sind weitgehend unklar. Es gibt zunehmende Hinweise darauf, dass Entzündungsprozesse an der Entstehung der Arteriosklerose generell und der Plaquedestablisierung im Besonderen beteiligt sind. Anhand von Gefäßpräparaten nach Karotisthrombendarteriektomien konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Ausmaß der T-Zell- und Makrophageninfiltration in der Gefäßwand und die Expression von Matrixmetalloproteinasen mit klinischen und sonologischen Zeichen der Plaquedestabilisierung im Sinne von Mikroembolien korreliert. Damit ergeben sich möglicherweise neue antiinflammatorische Therapieansätze bei symptomatischen Karotisprozessen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 90 (1992), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spike train ; Pattern recognition ; Hippocampal neurons ; Spontaneous activity ; Cell culture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous activity and rhythmical oscillations are common features of large neuronal networks in mammals. Detection of repetitive spike patterns or pacemaker activity during electrophysiological recording of spontaneous action potentials from single neurons can be difficult if a “noisy” background is present. This paper describes an improved method for an online spike train analysis based on joint interval histograms (JIH, Rodiek et al. 1962). By means of higher ordered JIH the discrimination of spike patterns with repetitive bursting activity or oscillations is possible even when randomly distributed action potentials appear. Examples of simulated spike trains and those recorded from cultured hippocampal neurons are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 410 (1987), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Twitch fibre ; K-contracture ; Inactivation ; D600
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract (1) Single twitch fibres were dissected from tibialis muscles ofRana temporaria and used to study the effect of D600 (gallopamil) on potassium-induced contractures. (2) 95 mM K-Ringer's was applied for 8–15 s at intervals of generally 2.5–5 min; at temperatures of 6–8°C and in the absence of D600 the amplitude of the contractures remained fairly constant. After pretreatment with D600 (30 μM) a single (conditioning) K-contracture was sufficient to ‘paralyze’ the fibres (cf. Eisenberg et al. 1983). (3) Complete paralysis could also be achieved at 18–20°C. In three fibres a single conditioning K-application was sufficient; in two more fibres two or three conditioning K-applications were required. (4) D600-paralysis could not only be achieved with high K-concentrations but also by conditioning with subor suprathreshold K-concentrations (20–40 mM); the duration of the conditioning periods required to induce complete paralysis was approximately the same before and after D600-treatment. (5) Contractures were partially abolished by application of 20–40 mM K-Ringer's for short conditioning periods; after D600-treatment the degree of contracture loss was similar. (6) At low temperature the state of partial or complete paralysis induced by subthreshold K-concentrations and D600 was maintained for long periods of time. (7) The presence of 10 mM Ca2+ did not protect the fibres from being paralyzed by treatment with D600 and high K-Ringer's at low temperature; however, more than one conditioning K-application was required. (8) Resting and action potentials of paralyzed fibres were not significantly different from control values. However, endplate potentials were reduced in size, and failure of neuromuscular transmission was observed in some of these fibres. (9) It is concluded that D600 prolongs the state of inactivation of the contractile mechanism, while the development of inactivation does not seem to be markedly affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 412 (1988), S. 390-396 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Slow fibre ; K-Contracture ; D600 ; Inactivation ; Repriming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract (1) The effect of 30 μM D600 on the amplitude and time course of isometric contractures was studied in single slow fibres ofRana temporaria. (2) D600 only slightly reduced the amplitude of contractures evoked with 30 or 95 mM K-Ringer's. Maintenance of tension was strongly impaired by D600 only during exposure to 95 mM K. The caffeine contracture was not affected. (3) Addition of 10 mM Ca2+ or other divalent cations to the medium strongly counteracted the effect of D600 on maintained tension. The order of efficiency was Ca2+=Ni2+〉Co2+〉Mn2+〉Mg2+. (4) During 2 min exposure to 95 mM K-Ringer's the slow fibres inactivated to a variable degree; recovery from inactivation in normal Ringer's proceeded with a half time of the order of 1 min, while in the presence of D600 recovery was prolonged 3.3 to 27 times. (5) It is concluded that the effect of D600 on the contractile behaviour of slow fibres fromRana temporaria is predominantly due to a prolongation of the inactivated state. It is suggested that D600 binds to a site at the outer membrane surface which also binds divalent cations and determines the degree of contractile inactivation during exposure to potassium. Blocking of Ca2+ channels is unlikely to be the mechanism of this D600-effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 245 (1998), S. 327-328 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted ; Magnetic resonance imaging, perfusion ; Stroke, acute
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report acute and follow-up diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI (DWI, PWI) findings in a patient with a prolonged reversible ischaemic neurological deficit. PWI 12 h after the patient was last seen to be without symptoms revealed a large perfusion deficit in the left posterior MCA territory with a relatively inconspicuous and much smaller abnormality on DWI. Follow-up showed resolution of abnormalities on both DWI and PWI, and conventional MRI was normal, apart from a very slight abnormality, visible only on FLAIR images, at the centre of the initially DWI-positive region. These findings demonstrate the utility of PWI when be used in combination with DWI to investigate the pathophysiology of transient ischemic syndromes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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