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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical reorganization and phantom phenomena in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 119 (1998), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Cortical plasticity ; Phantom limb pain ; Traumatic amputation ; Congenital aplasia ; Neuromagnetic source imaging ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The relationship between phantom limb phenomena and cortical reorganization was examined in five subjects with congenital absence of an upper limb and nine traumatic amputees. Neuromagnetic source imaging revealed minimal reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in the congenital amputees (M=0.69 cm, SD 0.24) and the traumatic amputees without phantom limb pain (M=0.27 cm, SD 0.25); the amputees with phantom limb pain showed massive cortical reorganization (M=2.22 cm, SD 0.78). Phantom limb pain and nonpainful phantom limb phenomena were absent in the congenital amputees. Whereas phantom limb pain was positively related to cortical reorganization (r=0.87), nonpainful phantom phenomena were not significantly correlated with cortical reorganization (r=0.34). Sensory discrimination was normal and mislocalization (referral of stimulation-induced sensation to a phantom limb) was absent in the congenital amputees. The role of peripheral and central factors in the understanding of phantom limb pain and phantom limb phenomena is discussed in view of these findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050334
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Input-increase and input-decrease types of cortical reorganization after upper extremity amputation in humans (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 117 (1997), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Somatosensory ; Cortex ; Plasticity ; Amputation ; Magnetoencephalography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A plastic remodeling of regions in somatosensory cortex has previously been observed to occur in separate experimental paradigms in response to loss of somatosensory input and to increase in input. In this study, both types of cortical reorganization have been observed to occur concurrently in the same adult human nervous system as a result of a single intervention. Following upper extremity amputation, magnetic source imaging revealed that tactile stimulation of the lip evoked responses not only in the area of the somatosensory cortex corresponding to the face, but also within the cortical region that would normally correspond to the now absent hand. This “invasion” of the cortical amputation zone was accompanied by a significant increase in the size of the representation of the digits of the intact hand, presumably as a result of an increased importance of sensory stimulation consequent to increased dependence on that hand imposed by the loss of the contralateral extremity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050210
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thought translation device: a neurophysiological approach to communication in total motor paralysis (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 124 (1999), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Slow cortical potentials ; Brain-computer communication ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; EEG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A thought translation device (TTD) for brain-computer communication is described. Three patients diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with total motor paralysis, were trained for several months. In order to enable such patients to communicate without any motor activity, a technique was developed where subjects learn to control their slow cortical potentials (SCP) in a 2-s rhythm, producing either cortical negativity or positivity according to the task requirement. SCP differences between a baseline interval and an active control interval are transformed into vertical or horizontal cursor movements on a computer screen. Learning SCP self regulation followed an operant-conditioning paradigm with individualized shaping procedures. After prolonged training over more than 100 sessions, all patients achieved self-control, leading to a 70–80% accuracy for two patients. The learned cortical skill enabled the patients to select letters or words in a language-supporting program (LSP) developed for inter-personal communication. The results demonstrate that the fast and stable SCP self-control can be achieved with operant training and without mediation of any muscle activity. The acquired skill allows communication even in total locked-in states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050617
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changed perceptions in Braille readers (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 391 (1998), S. 134-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The mature mammalian nervous system has a striking capacity for plastic remodelling in response to environmental changes, but little is known about the perceptual and behavioural relevance of this phenomenon. Using magnetic source imaging we show that the cortical somatosensory representation ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/34322
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid functional plasticity in the primary somatomotor cortex and perceptual changes after nerve block (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mature human primary somatosensory cortex displays a striking plastic capacity to reorganize itself in response to changes in sensory input. Following the elimination of afferent return, produced by either amputation, deafferentation by dorsal rhizotomy, or nerve block, there is a well-known but little-understood ‘invasion’ of the deafferented region of the brain by the cortical representation zones of still-intact portions of the brain adjacent to it. We report here that within an hour of abolishing sensation from the radial and medial three-quarters of the hand by pharmacological blockade of the radial and median nerves, magnetic source imaging showed that the cortical representation of the little finger and the skin beneath the lower lip, whose intact cortical representation zones are adjacent to the deafferented region, had moved closer together, presumably because of their expansion across the deafferented area. A paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation procedure revealed a motor cortex disinhibition for two muscles supplied by the unaffected ulnar nerve. In addition, two notable perceptual changes were observed: increased two-point discrimination ability near the lip and mislocalization of touch of the intact ulnar portion of the fourth finger to the neighbouring third finger whose nerve supply was blocked. We suggest that disinhibition within the somatosensory system as a functional correlate for the known enlargement of cortical representation zones might account for not only the ‘invasion’ phenomenon, but also for the observed behavioural correlates of the nerve block.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03790.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ALERTNESS, LEVEL OF ACTIVITY, AND PURPOSIVE MOVEMENT FOLLOWING SOMATOSENSORY DEAFFERENTATION IN MONKEYS (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 290 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb39737.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherence of gamma-band EEG activity as a basis for associative learning (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 397 (1999), S. 434-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Different regions of the brain must communicate with each other to provide the basis for the integration of sensory information, sensory-motor coordination and many other functions that are critical for learning, memory, information processing, perception and the behaviour of organisms. Hebb ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/17126
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of irritable bowel syndrome on quality of life (1996)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 41 (1996), S. 2248-2253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: quality of life ; irritable bowel syndrome ; neuroticism ; psychological distress ; outcome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the impact of irritable bowel syndrome on quality of life using a well-standardized measure, the SF-36, and to determine whether apparent impairments may be due to neuroticism. Undergraduate students with irritable bowel syndrome who had consulted a physician (41 females, 42 males), students with irritable bowel who had not consulted a physician (91 females, 74 males), and asymptomatic controls (52 females, 70 males) completed questionnaires on quality of life, neuroticism, and psychological distress. Patients showed greater impairment in quality of life than nonconsulters, who in turn showed greater impairment than controls. Neuroticism and psychological distress were correlated with all quality-of-life measures. However, when neuroticism and psychological distress were statistically partialed out, irritable bowel syndrome still had a significant negative impact. The SF-36 may be a useful outcome measure in treatment studies, but investigators will need to correct for confounding influences of neuroticism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071408
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous swallowing rate and emotional state (1995)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 40 (1995), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: swallowing ; gastrointestinal symptoms ; aerophagia ; gas symptoms ; psychophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Excessive spontaneous swallowing has been associated with a variety of common gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, heartburn, and bloating and may contribute to disorders such as hiatus hernia, duodenal ulcer, and irritable bowel syndrome. The present study investigated the hypothesis that changes in emotional state alter spontaneous swallowing rate. Subjects were 38 generally healthy undergraduates assigned to either a pleasant low arousal, neutral, or aversive high arousal condition. Each experimental session was divided into 30-min baseline and arousal manipulation periods. Spontaneous swallowing rate increased significantly with emotional arousal: for low, neutral, and high arousal groups, means were 7.9±1.9 (se), 15.8±2.4, and 23.7±3.6 swallows/30 min, respectively. Other physiological and self-report measures, used to check the effectiveness of the arousal manipulation, varied appropriately with experimental procedures. These results indicate that changes in emotional state alter spontaneous swallowing rate in generally healthy individuals. Further research with patients is needed to establish whether stress-induced increases in swallowing rate produce or exacerbate clinically significant gastrointestinal symptomatology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065410
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irritable bowel syndrome defined by factor analysis gender and race comparisons (1995)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 40 (1995), S. 2647-2655 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: irritable bowel syndrome ; Manning criteria ; Rome consensus criteria ; gas ; constipation ; symptom questionnaire ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine the applicability across subgroups of the Manning criteria commonly used to diagnose the irritable bowel syndrome, a 22-item symptom questionnaire was administered to male and female African-American and Caucasian adults (N=1344). Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to identify symptom clusters. Consistent with the findings of a previous factor analytic study, three of the six Manning symptoms (loose stools and more frequent bowel movements with onset of pain, pain relieved by defecation) formed a cluster corresponding to the irritable bowel syndrome in all subgroups. It is concluded that: (1) The three core Manning symptoms have equal applicability to both genders and to African-Americans as well as to Caucasians. They are useful symptom criteria for the diagnosis of IBS when used in conjunction with medical evaluation. (2) Three of the six Manning symptoms rarely correlate with the others; if confirmed in patient samples, this would indicate that these three symptoms are not useful for making a diagnosis of the irritable bowel syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220455
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