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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging parameters with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 961-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multi-parametric ; Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic ; resonance imaging ; Lesion volume ; Clinico-radiological correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used to monitor new treatments in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its role is limited by the uncertain relationship between MRI parameters and clinical disability. A brain MRI study using nine MRI parameters was undertaken in 15 MS patients with a wide spectrum of disability to evaluate the relationship between each parameter and disability. A strong correlation was found between disability (measured using Kurtzke’s EDSS) and total lesion load on both proton density (PD; r = 0.79) and T1 (r = 0.71) weighted sequences. There was also a strong correlation of disability with average lesion magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR; r = –0.74) and calculated T1 (r = 0.71) but not with calculated T2 or the average signal intensity of lesions on the conventional T1-weighted, PD-weighted and heavily T2-weighted images. Thus, four parameters which measured either the extent of lesions (PD lesion load) or their pathological severity (MTR, calculated T1, hypointense T1-lesion load) were correlated significantly with disability. While this suggests that such parameters will be useful in treatment trial monitoring, further multi-parameter MRI studies, of larger cohorts and using a wider range of techniques, are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050491
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The transverse magnetisation decay characteristics of longstanding lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 244 (1997), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Axonal loss ; Disability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of transverse magnetisation decay of 120 longstanding lesions and 40 regions of normal-appearing white matter have been analysed in 40 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 10 normal controls. Fifty lesions showed a biexponential decay in which two water compartments – one probably intracellular, the other extracellular – could be defined. There was a higher frequency of biexponential lesions in patients with a primary progressive course but no significant difference between benign and secondary progressive groups. Seventy lesions showed a monoexponential decay, of which 31 showed a T2 of greater than 200 ms, implying that these lesions were predominantly composed of extracellular rather than intracellular water. The results imply that an expanded extracellular space within chronic MS brain lesions is a common finding at all levels of disability and disease course. In so far as an expanded extracellular space implies axonal loss, the results suggest that the latter occurs commonly in longstanding MS lesions. The lack of correlation with disability suggests a limited role for the technique in therapeutic monitoring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050061
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serial magnetisation transfer ratios in gadolinium-enhancing lesions in multiple sclerosis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 244 (1997), S. 308-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetisation transfer ; Gadolinium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The magnetisation transfer (MT) ratio of eight multiple sclerosis lesions has been studied serially. Initially, when the lesions showed gadolinium enhancement, there was a marked reduction in their MT ratio compared with normal white matter. Follow-up a mean of 11 months later (range 3–23 months), when the lesions no longer enhanced, revealed a consistent and usually marked recovery of the MT ratios towards normal. The MT ratio is thought to reflect the structural integrity of tissues with an important contribution from myelin and axons. MT imaging is a promising tool for elucidating pathophysiology and monitoring treatment in multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050092
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benign and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a preliminary quantitative MRI study (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 241 (1994), S. 246-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Quantitative MRI ; Disability ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a preliminary study, we compared by means of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods (1) the T2 values and the decay characteristics of chronic brain lesions, (2) the T2 values of normal-appearing frontal white matter (NAWM) and (3) brain lesion volumes in patients with benign and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) in order to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the development of disability. Eleven clinically definite MS patients with either benign MS (n = 5) or secondary progressive MS (n = 6) were studied. Fifty-two chronic lesions (identified by comparison with MRI scans obtained at least 12 months previously) were identified. The mean T2 of large lesions (cross-sectional area greater than 41 mm2) and of the NAWM was similar in both clinical groups. However, small lesions had higher mean T2 values (P 〈 0.01) in the benign group, probably at least in part because of partial volume effects. Analysis of large lesions revealed biexponential T2 relaxation in 6 of 8 “secondary progressive” and in 2 of 16 “benign” lesions, perhaps indicating a greater degree of axonal loss in large lesions of patients with secondary progressive MS. Patients with secondary progressive MS had higher (although not significant) total and infratentorial lesion loads than those of the benign group. These preliminary findings suggest, but do not establish, that variations in the extent, site and pathological nature of lesions may all contribute to different patterns of disease evolution in MS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00863776
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STIR sequences in NMR imaging of the optic nerve (1987)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 29 (1987), S. 238-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: NMR imaging ; Optic nerve ; Chemical shift artefact ; Contrast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Orbital fat surrounding the optic nerve causes considerable difficulties in NMR imaging due to its high image intensity and the chemical shift artefact. We have investigated the ability of inversion recovery seqeunces with short inversion times (STIR sequences) to suppress fat signals in imaging the optic nerve. We have also compared the contrast attainable with STIR sequences with that obtainable from other sequences. Measurements were made on 4 normal controls and 5 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) to obtain typical values of relaxation times and proton densities for orbital fat, cerebral white matter and MS lesions. The fat T1 measurements were used to predict an appropriate inversion time for the STIR sequence and estimate how much residual fat signal might be expected as a result of natural variations in fat T1. STIR sequences can be used to suppress the signal from orbital fat with little residual signal. Measurements from white matter and MS lesions were used to predict the contrast between normal and pathological tissues that is attainable with STIR sequences. STIR contrast compares favourably with that obtainable from other sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00451760
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards quantitative measurements of relaxation times and other parameters in the brain (1990)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 32 (1990), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Relaxation times ; Quantification ; Methodology ; Tissue characterisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nature and physical significance of the relaxation times T1 and T2 and of proton density are described. Methods of measuring T1 and T2 are discussed with emphasis on the establishment of precision and the maintenance of accuracy. Reported standards of success are briefly reviewed. We expect sensitivities of the order of 1% to be achievable in serial studies. Although early hopes of disease diagnosis by tissue characterisation were not realised, strict scientific method and careful calibration have made it practicable to apply relaxation time measurement to research into disease process. Serial measurements in patients and correlation with similar studies in animal models, biopsy results and autopsy material taken together have provided new knowledge about cerebral oedema, water compartmentation, alcoholism and the natural history of multiple sclerosis. There are prospects of using measurement to monitor treatment in other diseases with diffuse brain abnormalities invisible on the usual images. Secondarily derived parameters and notably the quantification of blood-brain barrier defect after injection of Gadolinium-DTPA also offer prospects of valuable data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588474
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume measurement of multiple sclerosis lesions with magnetic resonance images (1992)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 34 (1992), S. 475-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Volume measurement ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ability to visualise multiple selerosis lesions in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging suggests and important role in monitoring the course of the disease. In order to help the long-term assessment of prospective treatments, a semi-automated technique for measuring lesion volume has been developed to provide a quantitative index of disease progression. Results are presented from a preliminary study with a single patient and compared to measurements taken from lesion outlines traced by a neuroradiologist, two neurologists and a technician. The semi-automated technique achieved a precision of 6% compared to a range of 12–33% for the manual tracing method. It also reduced the human interaction time from at least 60 min to 15 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00598953
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Database for serial magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis (1993)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 35 (1993), S. 362-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain ; Gadolinium ; Database
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The unique sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) and the objective nature of the information obtained suggest that MRI will be a useful and reliable way of monitoring treatment trials. There is a need to develop an appropriate database which would provide a standardised means of assessment, not only of MRI, but also of essential clinical information. As part of the program of Concerted Action in Multiple Sclerosis, funded by the Commission of the European Community (CEC), we have developed a database for recording serial brain MRI results. The database consists of core, entry and follow-up sections. Both entry and follow-up parts are subdivided into clinical, MR system and MRI data. We expect that the use of this database will maximise efficiency of MRI monitoring in MS treatment trials, particularly in multicentre studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00588371
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of the optic nerve in benign intracranial hypertension (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 769-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; Benign intracranial hypertension ; Papilloedema ; Optic nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the MRI appearance of the optic nerve and its cerebrospinal-fluid-containing sheath in 17 patients with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) and 15 normal controls. Using phased-array local coils, 3-mm coronal T2-weighted fat-suppressed fast spin-echo images were obtained with an in-plane resolution of 〈 0.39 mm. The optic nerve and its sheath were clearly differentiated. An enlarged, elongated subarachnoid space around the optic nerve was demonstrated in patients with BIH. High-resolution MRI of the optic nerve offers additional information which may be of value for diagnosis and in planning and monitoring treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050344
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NMR measurements on dilute solutions of3He in solid4He (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 24 (1976), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the spin diffusion coefficientD and relaxation timesT 1 andT 2 are reported for3 He impurity in solid4 He of fractional concentrationx 3 down to 10−4. Forx 3≤10−3,T∼0.5 K, and molar volume 21.0 cm3,Dx 3=1.2±0.4×10−11 cm2 sec−2,T 2 x 3=1.7×10−4 sec, andT 1 x 3=6.6×10−2 sec at 2 MHz. The spectral densityJ(ω) for dipole field fluctuations has been studied as a function of frequency from 104 to about 107 Hz. Two branches of approximately equal area have been found with scaling frequencies of about 104 and 106 Hz. It is argued that the high-frequency branch, which has some unusual structure, relates to 3 He- 4 He tunnelling, uninhibited by other 3 He impurities, and occurs at a rate of about 0.6 MHz for molar volume 21 cm3. The molar volume dependence of this tunneling appears to be similar to that found in pure, solid 3 He.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659191
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